国際誌論文データベース

Shimizu, Y. (清水佑輔) (2022). 
Multiple desirable methods in outlier detection of univariate data with R source codes. 
単変量データにおける外れ値の検出法およびRによる実装
Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 819854. 
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.819854

The existence of outliers has been a methodological obstacle in various literature. There are many cases when we should deal with outliers of univariate data. If inappropriate methods are used, it can lead to biased and wrong conclusions. The purpose of this opinion paper is reviewing more desirable methods for detecting outliers of univariate data (specifically, square root transformation, median absolute deviation, Grubbs’ test, and Ueda’s method), and presenting source code and sample data that allow us to conduct each detection method. These detection methods have desirable advantages over the conventional method and they are relatively easy to implement. In addition, the results of applying each outlier detection method to a real data set are shown. Presented methods in this article can be conducted using R, a free statistical software. By summarizing various outlier detection methods and providing analysis source codes, useful knowledge in psychological research can be provided.

Miyagawa, Y. (宮川裕基), Tóth-Király, I., Knox, M. C., Taniguchi, J.(谷口淳一), & Niiya, Y. (新谷優). (2022). 
日本語版状態セルフ・コンパッション尺度 (SSCS-J) の開発
Development of the Japanese Version of the State Self-Compassion Scale (SSCS-J). 
Frontiers in Psychology, 12:779318. 
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.779318

Research in the U.S. developed and validated the State Self-Compassion Scale (SSCS), which measures self-compassionate reactions toward a specific negative event. The current study is aimed at developing the Japanese version of the State Self-Compassion Scale (SSCS-J) and extending previous findings in the U.S. by showing measurement invariance across sexes and demonstrating the construct validity of this scale. Across two studies (n = 596 in Study 1, n = 474 in Study 2), the bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling representation of the SSCS-J showed excellent fit in which a single global factor (i.e., self-compassion) and most of the specific factors (six subscales) were well defined. Study 1 further provided evidence for the measurement invariance across sexes. The SSCS-J was related with higher trait self-compassion and lower fear of and negative beliefs about self-compassion. In Study 2, participants who were instructed to be self-compassionate reported higher scores in the SSCS-J relative to those in the control condition. These results attest to the replicability of the factor structure of the SSCS in Japan and provide further evidence for the construct validity of this scale.

Neff et al. (2021, Mindfulness) による状態セルフ・コンパッション尺度 (State Self-Compassion Scale) の日本語版です。Studies 1 and 2で、日本語版状態セルフ・コンパッション尺度 (SSCS-J) の因子構造を確認し、他の変数との関連から妥当性を検討しました。Study 2ではNeff et al. (2021) で用いられた状態的にセルフ・コンパッションを高める実験操作 (Self-compassionate mindstate induction) を用いて、セルフコンパッション群では統制群に比べて、状態セルフ・コンパッションが高いことを示しました。SSCS-Jの項目や日本語版Self-compassionate mindstate inductionの教示は論文の電子付録に掲載しております。

Ogihara, Y. (荻原祐二) (2021). 
Social security number holders in the United States, 1909-2019. 
アメリカ（1909-2019）における社会保障番号保持者の割合
Frontiers in Big Data, 4:802256. 
https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2021.802256

Currently, a social security number (SSN) is held by almost every legal resident of the United States and works as an important numbering system. However, this was not the case in the early years of the Social Security program and historical changes in SSN holder rates had not been examined sufficiently. It is important to understand the changes in health policies and situations. Thus, the present article examined historical changes in the rates of SSN holders in the United States between 1909 and 2019. Analyses demonstrated that the rates clearly increased. Specifically, in Phase 1 (1909-1919), the rates were low in the early period, but they increased markedly. In Phase 2 (1919-1952), the rates continued to increase gradually. In Phase 3 (1952-2019), the rates were almost 100% and reached saturation. This basic information leads to a better understanding of the health policies and situations, contributing to medical and social science research.

Hiraoka, D.（平岡大樹）, Nomura, M., & Kato, M. (2021). 
Longitudinal Study of Maternal Beliefs About Infant Crying During the Postpartum Period: Interplay With Infant’s Temperament. 
産褥期における乳児の泣き声に関する母親の信念の縦断的研究：乳児の気質との相互関係
Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 6041. 
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.786391

Infant crying is an important signal for their survival and development, and maternal beliefs about crying predict responsiveness to crying. Most studies have considered caregivers’ reactions to crying to be fixed, and it is unclear how they change with their caregiving experience. Additionally, it has recently been suggested that there is a bidirectional relationship between changes in mothers’ beliefs about crying and infants’ temperament. This study examined that relationship using a longitudinal study design. Maternal beliefs about crying and infant temperament of 339 Asian first-time mothers (mean age = 28.7 years, SD = 4.1) were measured at 1-month intervals over 4 months. There were 289 participants in Wave 2, 240 in Wave 3, and 164 in Wave 4. Prior to the main survey, we conducted a pre-survey to confirm the reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Infant Crying Questionnaire. The results showed that parent-oriented beliefs, which focus on the caregiver rather than the crying infant, increased in mothers who had infants aged 3 months or older at Wave 1. We also found that the process of change in maternal beliefs was not uniform, and that infants high on surgency predicted changes in maternal beliefs about infant crying. Longitudinal studies of caregivers’ changes, such as the present study, are expected to contribute to understanding the co-development of caregivers and infants.

Hashimoto, H.（橋本博文）, & Maeda, K.（前田楓） (2021). 
Collegial organizational climate alleviates Japanese schoolteachers’ risk for burnout. 
同僚的な学校組織風土は日本人教諭のバーンアウトリスクを軽減する
Frontiers in Psychology, 12:737125.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.737125

The purpose of the current study was to examine the influence of individuals’ help-seeking preference (HSP) and their collective perception of the organizational climate in school on teachers’ mental health. Previous studies demonstrated that HSP was negatively associated with risk of burnout, suggesting that teachers who hesitate to seek help from their colleagues are more likely to have mental health problems. Thus, the current study hypothesized that a collegial organizational climate would be negatively associated with burnout. To test this hypothesis, we developed a scale to measure schoolteachers’ collective perception of their organizational climate (Study 1), and the newly developed scale was used to assess its relationship with HSP and teachers’ burnout risk (Study 2). The results demonstrated that younger teachers, a low level of help-seeking, and a less collaborative climate increased the risk of burnout. The results also showed a significant interaction effect, indicating that HSP was less closely associated with teachers’ burnout risk if their organization was perceived as having a collegial climate. These findings clearly show how the social environment of a school’s organizational climate can affect schoolteachers’ mental health in Japan.

Shimizu, Y. (清水 佑輔) (2021).
An overlooked perspective in psychological interventions to reduce anti-elderly discriminatory attitudes.
高齢者に対する差別的態度の軽減を目指した心理学的介入の盲点
Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 765394.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.765394

The world’s population is aging at a remarkable rate. In this aging society, intergenerational conflicts between the elderly and the rest of the population are frequently observed in many workplaces and nursing care. Anti-elderly discriminatory attitudes held by non-elderly people have been examined as one of the major causes of such intergenerational conflicts. This opinion paper will begin with a broad overview of the interventions that have been implemented to reduce anti-elderly discriminatory attitudes. Then, an important perspective specific to a social group of the elderly, which have not been sufficiently paid attention to, is pointed out; all people will eventually belong to a social group of the elderly. As a theory that incorporates this perspective, Levy’s (2009) stereotype embodiment theory (SET) will be introduced, and a typical factor (i.e., subjective time to become elderly) that should be focused on in future interventions to reduce anti-elderly discriminatory attitudes, will be discussed.

Miyagawa, Y. (宮川裕基) & Taniguchi, J. (谷口淳一). (2021).
Sticking fewer (or more) pins into a doll? The role of self-compassion in the relations between interpersonal goals and aggression.
対人目標と攻撃性の関連におけるセルフコンパッションの役割
Motivation and Emotion.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-021-09913-2

Through two studies that utilized pin counts in the voodoo doll aggression task, we tested how compassionate and self-image goals in relationships were associated with aggressive inclinations. Participants in Study 1 (N = 381) recalled and wrote about an experience of being accepted or rejected and participants in Study 2 (N = 391) imagined themselves in hypothetical scenarios of being rejected either by a romantic partner or a supervisor. Regardless of the type of event (Study 1) or rejecter (Study 2), compassionate goals were related to higher self-compassionate reactions that were in turn linked to lower aggressive inclinations, whereas self-image goals were associated with higher aggressive inclinations through lower self-compassionate reactions. Study 2 showed that nonzero-sum beliefs accounted for positive associations between compassionate goals and self-compassionate reactions. Considered together, our findings implied that people who pursue compassionate goals might hold nonzero-sum beliefs that their well-being is connected with those of others and, thus, might display self-compassionate reactions that are linked to lower aggressive inclinations.

Voodoo doll課題を用いた2つの研究で、関係性における思いやり目標と自己イメージ目標がどのように攻撃性と関連するかを検討しました。研究１(N = 381) では、参加者は他者から受容あるいは排斥された出来事を想起し、研究２(N=391)では、参加者は恋愛相手あるいは上司から排斥されたシナリオを読みました。出来事や排斥者の種類にかかわらず、思いやり目標はセルフコンパッションの高さを介して攻撃性の低さと関連していました。一方、自己イメージ目標はセルフコンパッションの低さを介して攻撃性の高さと関連していました。研究２では、思いやり目標とセルフコンパッションの正の関連性が関係性におけるノンゼロサム信念により媒介されることが示されました。以上の結果から、思いやり目標の高い人は、自分と他者のウェルビーイングがつながっているというノンゼロサム信念を有しているため、攻撃性の低さと関連するセルフコンパッションを用いやすいことが示唆されました。

Ogihara, Y. (荻原祐二) (2021).
Direct evidence of the increase in unique names in Japan: The rise of individualism.
日本における個性的な名前の増加: 個人主義傾向の上昇
Current Research in Behavioral Sciences, 2, 100056.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbeha.2021.100056

Previous research analyzed rankings of common baby names and indicated that common names decreased in Japan, suggesting an increase in uniqueness-seeking and individualism. However, it did not directly examine whether unique names increased. To adequately understand the historical changes in naming practices and underlying cultural trends, overcoming this limitation is important. Therefore, I analyzed raw data on baby names and directly examined the historical changes in the rates of unique names in Japan between 2004 and 2018. The results showed that the rates of unique names increased for both boys and girls, providing further evidence of the rise in uniqueness-seeking and individualism. Additionally, unique names increased more rapidly for girls than for boys, which may suggest that parents came to have stronger hope for their daughters that they become unique and independent. This is new evidence showing that sex is a moderating factor of cultural changes in naming in Japan.

https://www.tus.ac.jp/today/archive/20211020_0384.html

Shimizu, Y. (清水佑輔), Osaki, S., Hashimoto, T. (橋本剛明), & Karasawa, K. (唐沢かおり) (2021).
How do people view various kinds of smart city services? Focus on the acquisition of personal information.
人々はスマートシティ関連サービスをどのように捉えているのか：個人情報の取得という観点に着目して
Sustainability, 13(19), 11062. 
https://doi.org/10.3390/su131911062

In smart city services, large volumes of personal information are generally captured, and urban development is based on that data. However, people do not always have accepting attitudes toward smart city services. The purpose of this study was to identify the expectations and anxieties that people have toward five typical services in smart cities (social credit, artificial intelligence (AI) cameras, health information, garbage collection, and automatic vehicles) by using mainly open-ended questions. An online survey was conducted with Japanese participants by presenting them with one of the five vignettes about the services described above. The results showed that the participants’ expectations from each service were distinctly different between the vignettes. Anxieties about the leakage of personal information were found for the vignettes of social credit and health information. For the vignettes of AI cameras and garbage collection, anxieties that privacy would not be sufficiently ensured and that people would be involved in a surveillance society were noted. Additionally, the participants tended to exhibit lower accepting attitudes toward services considered to capture a large amount of personal information. We believe that our findings are meaningful to operators leading smart city projects and researchers in urban planning and psychology.

Miyagawa, Y.(宮川裕基), Niiya, Y.(新谷優), & Taniguchi, J.(谷口淳一) (2021).
Compassionate goals and responses to social rejection: A mediating role of self-compassion.
思いやり目標と社会的排斥への反応：セルフコンパッションによる媒介過程
Current Psychology.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02345-8

The present study examined how people with compassionate goals cope with the threat of social rejection. Specifically, we tested whether self-compassion mediates the associations between compassionate goals and adaptive responses in the wake of social rejection. Participants (n = 358) first filled out the measure of compassionate goals and then described their personal experience of being rejected by others in their life. Later, they reported their levels of self-compassionate reactions toward their experience, fundamental need satisfaction, and revenge intention toward the rejecter. A path model showed that self-compassionate reactions mediated the relations of compassionate goals to higher satisfaction of fundamental needs, B = 0.170, 95%CI [0.062, 0.273], and lower revenge intention, B = −0.077, 95%CI [−0.164, −0.027]. These mediation pathways remained significant for current need satisfaction, B = 0.196, 95%CI [0.089, 0.290], and revenge intention, B = −0.079, 95%CI [−0.161, −0.029], even after controlling for the characteristics of rejection experiences. This study highlights that people who pursue compassionate goals would likely engage in self-compassion to cope with social rejection and thus maintain greater intra-and interpersonal well-being.