国際誌論文データベース

Horita, Y. （堀田結孝）(2021). 
Conjecturing harmful intent and preemptive strike in paranoia. 
パラノイアにおける危害的な意図の推測と先制攻撃
Frontiers in Psychology, 12:726081. 
http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.726081

Paranoia depicts a belief of others having harmful intent. Research using economic games has exhibited the correlation between paranoia and the propensity to characterize ambiguous intentions as harmful. Using a non-clinical sample recruited online from the United States (N=290), we examined whether paranoid thoughts influence aggressive behavior against the subjective perception of harmful intent. We conducted a preemptive strike game wherein aggressive behavior was assumed to be guided by the fear of an opponent. The outcomes indicate that (1) individuals with high paranoia assume harmful intent of an opponent more than those with low paranoia (2) conjecturing an opponent’s harmful intent predicted an increase in the probability of a preemptive strike, and (3) paranoia did not have a statistically significant effect on encouraging a preemptive strike. Additionally, the exploratory analysis revealed that paranoia was related to participant’s aggressiveness and with suppositions of other’s self-interests and competitiveness. This study presents empirical evidence that paranoia is related to the perception of social threats in an uncertain situation. We discuss the possibility that paranoid ideation can promote or inhibit a preemptive strike.

Murphy, S. L., Ozaki, Y.（尾崎由佳）, Friese, M., & Hofmann, W. (2021). 
Testing buddha: Is acute desire associated with lower momentary happiness?
ブッダを検証する：激しい欲望は幸福感の一時的低下と関連するか
Journal of Happiness Studies.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-021-00362-9

A central Buddhist claim is that having desires causes suffering. While this tenet draws from the belief that an acute desire state is more momentarily aversive than a no-desire state, the efficacy of this belief has yet to be comprehensively examined. To empirically investigate this claim, we furnished data from two experience sampling studies across USA/Canadian (N = 101; 3224 observations) and Japanese cultures (N = 237; 8497 observations). We compared states of acute desire with states of no desire regarding momentary happiness. We then tested, in an additional step, whether acute desires at greater conflict with personal goals were associated with even lower levels of momentary happiness. Findings were consistent across studies, with participants experiencing greater momentary happiness when not experiencing a desire compared to experiencing acute desire. Also, the greater the desire conflicted with important goals the lower the momentary happiness. The present findings support a key basis of the Buddhist belief that having desires causes suffering, showing acute desire states on average to be more aversive than no desire states.

【Abstractの日本語訳】仏教の中心的な主張は、「欲望があると苦しみが生じる」というものである。この主張は、欲望がある状態の方が、欲望がない状態よりも一時的な嫌悪感を抱くという信念に基づいている、この信念の有効性についてはまだ包括的に検証されていない。この主張を実証的に検討するために、アメリカ・カナダ文化圏（N = 101名; 3224ケース）と日本文化圏（N = 237名; 8497ケース）の2つの経験サンプリング法による調査データを取得した。一時的な幸福について、欲望が強い状態と、欲望がない状態を比較した。さらに、個人的な目標との葛藤が極めて大きい欲望が、一時的な幸福感のさらなる低下と関連するかどうかを検証した。その結果として一貫して見られたパターンは、欲望がない状態の方が、激しい欲望がある状態よりも一時的の幸福感が大きいということであった。また、欲望が重要な目標と葛藤するほど、一時的な幸福感は低くなった。今回の結果は、「欲望があると苦しみが生じる」という仏教の考え方の重要な根拠を裏付けるものであり、平均して、激しい欲望を経験している状態は、欲望がない状態よりも嫌悪感が強いことを示している。

Ishii, T.（石井辰典）, & Watanabe, K. (2021). 
Caring about you: the motivational component of mentalizing, not the mental state attribution component, predicts religious belief in Japan. 
心的状態の理解の正確性ではなく、理解しようとする傾向が、宗教的信念の個人差を説明する
Religion, Brain & Behavior.
https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2021.1939767

Previous studies have demonstrated the relationship between mentalizing and religious belief. However, mentalizing can be broken down into several components, and there are certain measures that correspond to such components. This study aimed to examine the relationship between mentalizing and religious belief using two representative measures, the Empathy Quotient (EQ) and the Reading the Mind in the Eyes test (RMET). The results of two studies with Japanese samples showed that the EQ predicted increasing religious belief (study 1), as expected. However, the RMET was not a significant predictor of religious belief (studies 1 and 2). These findings suggest that mentalizing’s mental state attribution component (i.e., matching appropriate mental state words to facial expressions in the eye region) is not directly connected to religious belief. However, the motivational component (i.e., caring about what other people think and feel) is essential for believing in supernatural agents. This study’s limitations and directions for future studies are also discussed.

Yamagata, M.（山縣芽生）, Teraguchi, T.（寺口司）, & Miura, A.（三浦麻子） (in press). 
Effects of Pathogen-Avoidance Tendency on Infection-Prevention Behaviors and Exclusionary Attitudes toward Foreigners: A Longitudinal Study of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Japan. 
感染忌避傾向が感染予防行動および外国人に対する排斥意識に及ぼす影響―日本におけるCOVID-19感染禍を対象とした縦断的研究
Japanese Psychological Research. 
https://doi.org/10.1111/jpr.12377

This study investigated the changes in public behaviors and attitudes following the spread of COVID-19 in Japan. Using a longitudinal approach that analyzes the movement of an unpredictable and real infection threat to explain and predict human behavior during the pandemic—a novel approach in behavioral immune system research—a panel survey was conducted on Japanese citizens. The results of the survey, conducted in late January, mid-February, and early March 2020, indicated that the influence of the interaction between the changes in situational infection threat and individual differences in pathogen-avoidance tendency on infection-prevention behaviors and exclusionary attitudes toward foreigners was not significant. Moreover, frequent contact with foreigners had a mitigating effect on exclusionary attitudes. The study thus provided a valuable contribution to the application of behavioral immune-system responses to problems associated with infection threats. Moreover, consideration of the aspects of adaptive reaction and social learning allowed us to observe the process of adaptive strategies in novel environments under conditions of high ecological validity and to accurately understand the psychological response to infectious disease outbreaks.

私たちの研究グループは、新型コロナ感染禍の日本社会と心理を広範な観点から捉えるために、2020年1月から継続して一般市民を対象としたパネル調査を実施しています。この論文は、「パンデミック前期」（パンデミックに陥る前の時期）と位置づけうる同年3月上旬までの3回の調査データにもとづく分析結果をまとめたものです。分析の結果、感染予防行動や外国人に対する態度は、普段からの「感染を避けたい気持ち」の強さの影響を受ける一方で、そこに感染脅威の拡大という「状況の力」による変化は認められませんでした。そして、その原因は、日本国内の感染者がほとんどいなかった調査開始当初から、社会心理は強く感染を恐れる緊張状態にあったことによるものではないかと考えています。

これらのデータを含むパネル調査全体の主要項目の平均値の推移（現時点では2021年5月下旬の第13波まで）のグラフをご覧いただけるWebサイトを公開しています。

https://team1mile.mydns.jp:8443/handai-covid19/

Ogihara, Y (荻原祐二). (2021). 
I know the name well, but cannot read it correctly: Difficulties in reading recent Japanese names. 
その名前をよく知っているが、正しく読めない: 近年の日本人の名前を読むことの難しさ
Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 8, 151. 
https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00810-0

Previous literature has mentioned the difficulty in reading recent Japanese names correctly. However, this difficulty has not been empirically demonstrated. Thus, it is unclear to what extent and how it is difficult. Therefore, this paper provides empirical evidence of the difficulty in reading Japanese names correctly. Data including names of babies born between 2004 and 2018 were analyzed. The results showed that common writings have many variations in reading, which makes it difficult (or almost impossible) to choose the correct reading among many options. For example, one of the common writings for boys, 大翔 had 18 variations in reading, and for girls, 結愛 had 14 variations in reading. These variations differed remarkably in pronunciation, length, and meaning. Empirically reporting this difficulty in reading Japanese names correctly contributes to a better understanding of naming practices not only in Japan but also in vast regions where Chinese characters are/were used.

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Murayama, A.（村山綾） and Miura, A.（三浦麻子） (2021). 
Religiosity and Immanent Justice Reasoning: A Replication Study in Japan and the U.S.. 
宗教性と内在的公正推論：日米における追試研究
Japanese Psychological Research.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jpr.12367

Previous studies have investigated the importance of religiosity in enhancing peopleʼs justice reasoning, yet the findings have been limited to the Western culture, where a majority of people believe in Christianity. In order to investigate the effect of cultural difference and of religiosity on immanent justice reasoning, we compared and contrasted the degree of engagement in immanent justice reasoning regarding someoneʼs misfortune among American Christians, Japanese Buddhists, and nonreligious participants in the two cultures. The analysis found that among Americans, those who believed in Christianity engaged in stronger immanent justice reasoning toward an unfortunate person with lower moral values than did participants without a particular faith. The Japanese, on the other hand, showed stronger immanent justice reasoning for people with lower moral values, regardless of their faith. In addition, when the person had low moral value, the Japanese tended to engage in such reasoning more strongly than did Americans. Our results showed that religious beliefs may contribute to strengthening engagement in immanent justice reasoning in the Western culture, but such a generalization may not be accurate in other cultures.

欧米の参加者を対象とした先行研究では、宗教性が高いほど内在的公正推論（たまたま他人に起こった出来事の原因を、その人の過去の行いに求めること）を行いやすいことが示されていました。本研究では、日本人を対象とした場合にも一貫した結果が得られるかどうかを検討しました。具体的には、アメリカ人のキリスト教徒、日本人の仏教徒と、日米の特定の信仰を持たない参加者を対象として、他人に起こった不運な出来事に対して行われる内在的公正推論を比較しました。分析の結果、アメリカ人では信仰を持つ人（キリスト教徒）たちが持たない人たちよりも、過去に道徳的な失敗を犯した人に起こった不運な出来事を「その人の過去の行いのせい」と考えやすかったのに対して、日本人では信仰の効果が見られませんでした。また、（2）日本人は、過去に道徳的失敗を犯した人に起こった不運な出来事に対して、アメリカ人よりも内在的公正推論をしやすいことが示されました。

Kobayashi, T.（小林哲郎）, Miura, A.（三浦麻子）, Madrid-Morales, D., & Shimizu, H.（清水裕士） (2021). 
Why are politically active people avoided in countries with collectivistic culture? A cross-cultural experiment. 
なぜ集団主義文化の諸国では政治参加する人々が嫌われるのか？：文化比較実験
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology ,52(4), 388-405. 
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00220221211008653

Although most democratic theories assume that political participation other than voting constitutes an essential input to the political process, little is known about the cultural universality of this assumption. Drawing on cultural psychology findings derived from the widely shared framework of collectivism versus individualism, the present study tests the hypothesis that political demonstrators in collectivistic countries are socially avoided because they are perceived to be a threat to harmonious interpersonal relationships. A cross-national experiment in eight countries (US, UK, France, Germany, Japan, China, South Korea, and India) and one region (Hong Kong) indicated that political demonstrators are socially avoided, and this tendency was significantly stronger in collectivistic countries. Moderated-mediation analyses suggested that the social avoidance of political demonstrators in collectivistic countries is mediated by the perception that they are a threat to harmonious interpersonal relationships. The cross-cultural validity of democratic theory is discussed.

多くの民主主義理論は、政治過程への不可欠なインプットとして投票以外の政治参加を仮定しているが、この仮定が文化的に普遍的であるかどうかについてはほとんど知られていない。本研究では、文化心理学における集団主義と個人主義の枠組みを用いて、集団主義国では政治的デモ参加者は、調和的な対人関係を脅かす存在として社会的に忌避されるという仮説を検証した。8カ国（米国、英国、フランス、ドイツ、日本、中国、韓国、インド）と1地域（香港）を対象とした文化比較実験の結果、仮説を支持する結果が得られた。民主主義理論の文化を越えた有効性について考察した。

Miyajima, T. (宮島健), & Murakami, F. (村上史朗) (2021).
Self-Interested framed and prosocially framed messaging can equally promote COVID-19 prevention intention: A replication and extension of Jordan et al.’s study (2020) in the Japanese context
「自己利益」を強調したメッセージと「他者利益」を強調したメッセージは同程度にCOVID-19の感染予防行動意図を高める：Jordanらの研究（2020）の日本の文脈における再現と拡張
Frontiers in Psychology, 12: 1341
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.605059

How can we effectively promote the public’s prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection? Jordan et al. (2020) found with United States samples that emphasizing either self-interest or collective-interest of prevention behaviors could promote the public’s prevention intention. Moreover, prosocially framed messaging was more effective in motivating prevention intention than self-interested messaging. A dual consideration of both cultural psychology and the literature on personalized matching suggests the findings of Jordan et al. (2020) are counterintuitive, because persuasion is most effective when the frame of the message delivered and the recipient of the message are culturally congruent. In order to better understand the potential influence of culture, the current research aimed to replicate and extend Jordan et al. (2020) findings in the Japanese context. Specifically, we examined the question (1) whether the relative effectiveness of the prosocial appeal is culturally universal and robust, (2) which types of ‘others’ especially promote prevention intention, and (3) which psychological mechanisms can explain the impact of messaging on prevention intention. In Study 1 (N = 1,583), we confirmed that self-interested framed, prosocially framed, and the combination of both types of messaging were equally effective in motivating prevention intention. In Study 2 (N = 1,686), we found that family-framed messaging also had a promoting effect similar to that from self-interested and prosocial appeals. However, the relative advantage of prosocial appeals was not observed. Further, a psychological propensity relevant to sensitivity to social rejection did not moderate the impact of messaging on prevention intention in both studies. These results suggest that since engaging in the infection control itself was regarded as critical by citizens after public awareness of COVID-19 prevention has been sufficiently heightened, for whom we should act might not have mattered. Further, concerns for social rejection might have had less impact on the prevention intentions under these circumstances. These results suggest that the relative advantage of a prosocial appeal might not be either culturally universal or prominent in a collectivistic culture. Instead, they suggest that the advantages of such an appeal depends on the more dynamic influence of COVID-19 infection.

Hackel, J., Yamamoto, H.(山本仁志), Okada, I.(岡田勇), Goto, A.(後藤晶), & Taudes, A. (2021).
Asymmetric effects of social and economic incentives on cooperation in real effort based public goods games.
努力投入型公共財ゲームにおける社会的・経済的インセンティブの非対称な効果
PLOS ONE, 16(4), e0249217.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249217

Many practitioners as well as researchers explore promoting environmentally conscious behavior in the context of public goods systems. Numerous experimental studies revealed various types of incentives to increase cooperation on public goods. There is ample evidence that monetary and non-monetary incentives, such as donations, have a positive effect on cooperation in public goods games that exceeds fully rational and optimal economic decision making. Despite an accumulation of these studies, in the typical setting of these experiments participants decide on an allocation of resources to a public pool, but they never exert actual effort. However, in reality, we often observe that players’ real effort is required in these public goods game situations. Therefore, more analysis is needed to draw conclusions for a wider set of incentive possibilities in situations similar to yet deviating from resource allocation games. Here we construct a real effort public goods game in an online experiment and statistically analyze the effect different types of incentives have on cooperation. In our experiment, we examine combinations of monetary and social incentives in a setting aimed closer to practical realities, such as financial costs and real effort forming part of the decision to cooperate on a public good. In our real effort public goods game participants cooperate and defect on image-scoring tasks. We find that in our setting economic and social incentives produce an asymmetric effect. Interestingly economic incentives decreased the share of highly uncooperative participants, while social incentives raised the share of highly cooperative participants.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249217

Okada, I.(岡田勇), Yamamoto, H.(山本仁志), Akiyama, E., & Toriumi, F. (2021).
Cooperation in spatial public good games depends on the locality effects of game, adaptation, and punishment.
空間公共財ゲームにおける相互作用・懲罰・学習の局所効果
Scientific Reports, 11(1), 7642.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-86668-3

Despite intensive studies on the evolution of cooperation in spatial public goods games, there have been few investigations into locality effects in interaction games, adaptation, and punishment. Here we analyze locality effects using an agent-based model of a regular graph. Our simulation shows that a situation containing a local game, local punishment, and global adaptation leads to the most robustly cooperative regime. Further, we show an interesting feature in local punishment. Previous studies showed that a local game and global adaptation are likely to generate cooperation. However, they did not consider punishment. We show that if local punishment is introduced in spatial public goods games, a situation satisfying either local game or local adaptation is likely to generate cooperation. We thus propose two principles. One is if interactions in games can be restricted locally, it is likely to generate cooperation independent of the interaction situations on punishment and adaptation. The other is if the games must be played globally, a cooperative regime requires both local punishment and local adaptation.

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-86668-3