国際誌論文データベース

Inoue, Y.(井上裕香子), Himichi, T.(日道俊之), Mifune, N. (三船恒裕), & Saijo, T. (2021).
People prefer joint outcome prosocial resource distribution towards future others
将来の他者に対しては、総和最大的な向社会的資源分配が選好される
Scientific Reports, 11, 5373.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-84796-4

Today, developing and maintaining sustainable societies is becoming a notable social concern, and studies on altruism and prosociality toward future generations are increasing in importance. Although altruistic behaviors toward future generations have previously been observed in some experimental situations, it remains unknown whether prosocial preferences toward future others are based on equality or joint outcome orientations. In the present research, we exploratorily investigated preferences regarding resource distribution by manipulating the time points (i.e., present/future) of the participants and their imaginary partners. The results indicate that prosocial preference toward future others was as strong as that toward present others and seemed to be based on a joint outcome prosocial preference. Notably, when participants and their partners were at different time points, participants preferred to leave resources for the persons in the future. The findings indicate that the type of altruistic preference toward future others may differ from that toward present others, which is mainly equality.

近年、持続可能な社会の構築が大きな社会的課題となっており、その中で将来に対する利他性・向社会性の研究が行われてきています。いくつかの実験では、将来に対する向社会的行動が観察されているのですが、その行動がどのような選好に基づいているのか――具体的には、主要な向社会的選好といわれる平等志向と総和最大志向のうち、いずれに基づくのかは不明でした。 そこで本論文では、自他間の資源分配の選好を測定するSocial Value Orientation Triple Dominance Measure修正版 (Eek and Gärling, 2006)を用いて、自他の時点（現在／将来）を操作した際の人々の選好を測定・比較しました。その結果、現在の他者に対しては平等分配が多く選好されていたのに対し、将来の他者に対しては総和最大分配が多く選好されていました。このことから、将来に対する向社会性は主に総和最大志向に基づいており、主に平等志向に基づく現代の他者に対する向社会性とは異なる可能性が示唆されました。

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-84796-4

Kimel, S. Y., Mischkowski, D., Miyagawa, Y. (宮川裕基), & Niiya, Y. (新谷優）(2021).
Left out but "in control"? Culture variations in perceived control when excluded by a close other.
Social Psychological and Personality Science.
doi:10.1177/1948550620987436

Research and theorizing suggest two competing—yet untested—hypotheses for how European Americans’ and Asians’ feeling of being “in control” might differ when excluded by a close other (e.g., a good friend). Drawing on different national contexts (i.e., United States, Japan), cultural groups (i.e., Japanese, Asian/Asian Americans, European Americans), and exclusion paradigms (i.e., relived, in vivo), four separate experiments (N = 2,662) examined feelings of control when excluded by a close- or distant-other. A meta-analysis across these experiments indicated that Asians and Asian Americans felt more in control than European Americans when the excluder was a close other. In contrast, no consistent pattern emerged when the excluder was a distant other. This research has implications for cultural variations in aggressiveness as well as health and well-being following exclusion’s threat to perceived control.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620987436

Maeda, K. (前田楓), Hashimoto, H. (橋本博文), Sato, K. (佐藤剛介) (2021).
Japanese schoolteachers' attitudes and perceptions regarding inclusive education implementation: The interaction effect between help-seeking preference and collegial climate.
インクルーシブ教育の実践に対する学校教員の態度と認識: 被援助志向性と同僚的風土の交互作用効果
Frontiers in Education, 5:587266.
https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.587266

While the special needs education system in Japan has shifted from a segregated approach to a more inclusive one, the actual implementation of this approach may be less than ideal. The implementation of inclusive education faces several challenges, such as difficulty in meeting individual needs and lack of medical support systems in general school settings. With this in mind, we conducted a web-based survey of Japanese schoolteachers to empirically examine their attitudes and perceptions regarding inclusive education. We also sought to determine the socio-environmental and individual factors that affect the attitudes and perceptions of Japanese elementary and junior high school teachers regarding the implementation of inclusive education. Survey results showed that schoolteachers regard the idea of inclusive education as desirable, but not feasible. However, we found that schoolteachers’ perceptions of the feasibility of inclusive education implementation were positively associated with their help-seeking preference if they perceived their climate as being sufficiently collegial. Based on these findings, we discuss the educational environment in which inclusive education could be successfully implemented.

Miyagawa, Y.（宮川裕基) & Taniguchi, J. (谷口淳一) (2020)
Self-compassion helps people forgive transgressors: Cognitive pathways of interpersonal transgressions.
セルフコンパッションは他者への許しに役立つ
Self and Identity
https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2020.1862904

This study examined the psychological processes through which self-compassion relates to forgiveness of interpersonal transgressors. Specifically, this study focused on the mediating roles of rumination about interpersonal transgressors and subjective temporal distance from interpersonal transgressions. After completing a measure of self-compassion, participants recalled a time when they were hurt by others. Then, they responded to measures including subjective temporal distance, rumination, and forgiveness. A path model showed that self-compassion was associated with greater subjective temporal distance, lower revenge, and lower avoidance through lower rumination. In addition, self-compassion positively predicted benevolence. Results implied that people with high self-compassion may be less likely to ruminate, which may help them feel greater temporal distance from past interpersonal transgressions and forgive transgressors.

Takano, R. (高野了太), & Nomura, M. (野村理朗) (2020).
Awe liberates the feeling that “my body is mine‘.”
畏敬の念が「自分の身体は自分のもの」という感覚を解放する
Cognition and Emotion, Advance online publication.
doi: 10.1080/02699931.2020.18627

Awe is an emotional response to perceptually vast stimuli that transcend one’s current frames of reference. Previous research indicated that awe promotes a smaller self, which led to the creation of a small-self hypothesis. Thus, we shed new light on this hypothesis in terms of sense of body ownership using a rubber hand illusion experiment; through it, we showed that awe evokes an increased sense of body ownership over the rubber hand and this effect was prominent among participants who experienced small self. Our findings suggest that awe might provoke a “liberation of the self” in terms of a sense of body ownership as awe has been thought to liberate existing schemas, hence informing the demonstrable implications of the psychological mechanisms of awe.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02699931.2020.1862765

Greater effects of mutual cooperation and defection on subsequent cooperation in direct reciprocity games than generalized reciprocity games: Behavioral experiments and analysis using multilevel models.
一般互恵ゲームよりも直接互恵ゲームにおいてより強く見られる相互協力及び非協力が次回の協力に及ぼす影響：行動実験とマルチレベルモデル解析
PLoS ONE, 15(11), e0242607.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242607

Reciprocity toward a partner’s cooperation is a fundamental behavioral strategy underlying human cooperation not only in interactions with familiar persons but also with strangers. However, a strategy that takes into account not only one’s partner’s previous action but also one’s own previous action—such as a win-stay lose-shift strategy or variants of reinforcement learning—has also been considered an advantageous strategy. This study investigated empirically how behavioral models can be used to explain the variances in cooperative behavior among people. To do this, we considered games involving either direct reciprocity (an iterated prisoner’s dilemma) or generalized reciprocity (a gift-giving game). Multilevel models incorporating inter-individual behavioral differences were fitted to experimental data using Bayesian inference. The results indicate that for these two types of games, a model that considers both one’s own and one’s partner’s previous actions fits the empirical data better than the other models. In the direct reciprocity game, mutual cooperation or defection—rather than relying solely on one’s partner’s previous actions—affected the increase or decrease, respectively, in subsequent cooperation. Whereas in the generalized reciprocity game, a weaker effect of mutual cooperation or defection on subsequent cooperation was observed.

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0242607

Ogihara, Y. (荻原祐二) (2020).
Baby names in Japan, 2004–2018: common writings and their readings.
日本における新生児の名前, 2004-2018: 一般的な表記とその読み
BMC Research Notes, 13, 553.
doi: 10.1186/s13104-020-05409-3

Objectives: To conduct empirical research on Japanese names, actual name data including both writings and readings are necessary. However, there was no database available that met these conditions. Therefore, in the present article, I provided raw data of approximately 8000 names of Japanese babies born between 2004 and 2018. Data description: The data include common writings of baby names and their readings generated from annual surveys on baby names conducted by a Japanese private company. The data have advantages: (1) they include both writings and readings of baby names, (2) they were collected under the same conditions over 15 years, (3) their sample sizes are relatively large, and (4) they are open to the public. In contrast, the data have limitations: their samples are neither highly representative nor very large. Overall, this article will be useful for empirical research on Japanese names and people in general (especially for medical and educational service workers).

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-020-05409-3

Ueshima, A. (上島淳史), Mercier, H, & Kameda, T. (亀田達也) (2021).
Social deliberation systematically shifts resource allocation decisions by focusing on the fate of the least well-off.
資源分配について話し合うことは恵まれない⼈への配慮を⾼める
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 92, 104067.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104067

How much inequality should be tolerated? How should the poorest be treated? Though sometimes conflated, concerns about inequality and the fate of the poorest involve different allocation principles with different sociopolitical implications. We tested whether deliberation—the core of democracy—influences reasoning about distributive principles. 322 participants faced allocation decisions for others between egalitarian (low variance in allocation), utilitarian (high total amount), and maximin (maximizing the welfare of the poorest) options. After their initial decisions, participants either reflected upon similar decisions solely or discussed them in pairs before facing the same choices again individually. Social, but not solitary, deliberation led to more maximin and fewer egalitarian choices, and this change lasted at least 5 months after the experiment. Conversation analyses of approximately 7500 utterances suggest that some participants initially made egalitarian choices heuristically, when in fact they mostly cared about the poorest, and dialogue promoted more internally coherent maximin preferences.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103120304078

Maeda, K. (前田楓), & Hashimoto, H. (橋本博文) (2020).
Time pressure and in-group favoritism in a minimal group paradigm.
タイムプレッシャーが最小条件集団パラダイムにおける集団内協力行動に及ぼす効果
Frontiers in Psychology, 11:603117. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.603117

Based on the group heuristic model and the model of intuitive cooperation, we hypothesized that in-group favoritism would be conspicuously shown through an intuitive process. To test this hypothesis, we utilized a minimal group paradigm, which is traditionally used in social psychological studies, and manipulated decision time in a one-shot prisoner’s dilemma game to compare the cooperative contribution level toward in-group and out-group members under three conditions: intuitive, empathic deliberation, and rational deliberation. Our findings confirmed that in-group favoritism was clearly shown in the intuitive condition only, suggesting that the intuitive cooperation model may only be valid in the context of social exchange with in-group members. Additional analysis also showed that in-group favoritism disappeared for participants who had been forced into empathic or rational deliberation for decision making. The theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.603117/full

Ito, T. (伊藤健彦) (2020)
The influence of networks of general trust on willingness to communicate in English for Japanese people.
一般的信頼のネットワークが日本人の英語Willingness to Communicateに与える影響 
Scientific Reports 10, 19939. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77108-9

This study investigates the effect of a network of general trust on the willingness to communicate in English among Japanese people. Previous studies have shown that general trust positively affects the willingness to communicate in English for Japanese people. However, the network structure of general trust and its effects have not yet been revealed. The present study conducted a network analysis with 761 Japanese university students and 601 Japanese social survey participants, for 1362 participants total. Four variables regarding general trust positively affected the willingness to communicate in English for all participants, whereas one variable had a negative effect if each network was estimated for only university students or social survey participants. Centrality indices, such as node strength, closeness, and expected influence, revealed the centrality of several variables in the network of all participants. Bootstrapping methods showed the trustworthiness of the estimated edges and centrality indices. Contrary to the regression analysis, the network analysis can help us understand the profound effect of general trust on the willingness to communicate in a second language, which will prove useful for intervention studies.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-77108-9