国際誌論文データベース

Kuroda, K. (黒田起吏), & Kameda, T. (亀田達也) (2019).
You watch my back, I'll watch yours: Emergence of collective risk monitoring through tacit coordination in human social foraging.
困ったときはお互い様：集団リスク状況における暗黙の協調行動の創発
Evolution and Human Behavior, 40(5), 427-435.
doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2019.05.004

Predation risk is a significant concern when social animals including humans engage in foraging. When people search for resources together, individuals often find themselves in a producer–scrounger game, in which some individuals bear the cost of risk monitoring while others can free ride on those efforts. A theoretically rational strategy is to mix foraging and risk monitoring randomly with the same probability across all members, but such uncoordinated action often yields inefficiencies of under- or over-supply of risk monitoring in a group. Here, we examined whether people could spontaneously develop a coordinated risk-monitoring system, alternating vigilance and foraging in a pair. Given that human cooperation is vulnerable to fear of exploitation and emotional arousal under risk, we hypothesized that such sources of anxiety would be potential disruptors to coordination. In a laboratory experiment, two participants worked on a “treasure hunt” task simultaneously, in which they chose between low or high vigilance against predators during foraging without verbal communication. If one chose high vigilance with personal cost, it yielded a spillover benefit to the other. Besides behavioral choices, each participant’s physiological arousal (skin conductance response) and cognitive effort (tonic pupil dilation) were measured during the task. Results showed that some pairs were actually able to develop a role-alternating system over time through tacit coordination, but coordinated action was also vulnerable to anxiety and mistrust among participants. Overall, these results imply that, besides the mutual behavioral control that often characterizes repeated interaction, cognitive control of emotional arousal may be a critical psychological factor for the emergence of coordinated cooperation.

Igarashi, T. （五十嵐祐） (2019)
Development of the Japanese version of the three-item loneliness scale.
日本語版孤独感尺度（3項目）の開発
BMC Psychology, 7:20
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-019-0285-0

Loneliness is a major risk factor for mental and physical health worldwide. The Three-Item Loneliness Scale (TIL Scale; Hughes et al., 2004) has been widely applied to measure loneliness in a simplified format, but no validated Japanese version has been developed. This study adapted the TIL Scale into Japanese and tested its reliability and validity. [Methods] The original English version of the TIL Scale was translated into Japanese, and the expressions of the Japanese version were confirmed by a back translation procedure. The translated scale was then administered to Japanese respondents recruited from an online research panel (N = 1020) and an online crowdsourcing service (N = 500). To analyze the data containing polytomous responses to the items in the scale, this study used categorical Confirmatory Factor Analysis and the Generalized Partial Credit Model based on the Item Response Theory. To evaluate the psychometric properties of the scale, this study examined factorial validity, reliability, information curves, and the associations of the scale score with demographic variables (age, gender, marital status, and living arrangements), the scores of the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (R-UCLA), the Big Five scale of personality traits, and the sizes of personal networks. [Results] The translated TIL Scale showed essential unidimensionality and characteristics to differentiate among respondents at different levels of loneliness. The scale score was related positively with the scores of R-UCLA and neuroticism and negatively with the scores of extraversion, conscientiousness, openness, agreeableness, and the sizes of overall and support networks. Those who were unmarried and alone recorded a higher score on the scale than those who were married and living with someone. Age showed a negative correlation with the scale score only in Sample 1, in which the equal allocation procedure was introduced for the age stratum. [Conclusions] The results indicate that the Japanese version of the TIL Scale demonstrates adequate reliability and validity for the assessment of loneliness. 本研究では、Hughes et al. (2004) の孤独感尺度短縮版（3項目）の邦訳版を作成し、オンラインのサンプルから収集したデータを用いて、項目応答理論に基づいて項目の特性を分析したのち、UCLA孤独感尺度やBig Five、個人の属性との基準関連妥当性を検討しています。従来の研究では、20項目のUCLA孤独感尺度が多く用いられてきましたが、本研究の知見は、3項目の短縮版が一定の識別力と妥当性を有することを示すものであり、さまざまな領域での応用が期待されます。

Nawata, K. (縄田健悟) (2019). 
A glorious warrior in war: Cross-cultural evidence of honor culture, social rewards for warriors, and intergroup conflict 
戦争における栄光の戦士：名誉の文化，戦士への社会的報酬，集団間紛争の比較文化的論拠
Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 
doi: 10.1177/1368430219838615

Previous research has shown that honor culture and honor ideology enhance interpersonal and intergroup aggressiveness at the individual level. This study aimed to examine collective-level relationships among honor culture, social rewards for warriors, and intergroup conflict. To demonstrate these relationships, I used the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample, which contains data on 186 mainly preindustrial societies from all over the world. The analysis demonstrated that honor culture, which values males’ toughness and aggression, has a positive relationship with frequency of intergroup conflicts. In addition, social rewards (praise, prestige, and status) for warriors mediated the relationship between honor culture and frequency of intergroup conflict. These results imply that the collective-level processes of honor culture enhance intergroup conflicts through the social reputations of warriors who participate in war. これまでの研究は、名誉文化と名誉イデオロギーが個人レベルでの対人間・集団間の攻撃性を高めることを明らかにしてきた。 本研究の目的は，名誉文化，戦士への社会的報酬，集団間紛争に関する集合レベルの関係を検証することである。 本研究ではStandard Cross-Cultural Sampleという人類学分野のデータセットを利用して分析した。ここには主に前産業社会の世界186データが含まれている。 分析の結果，男性のタフさと攻撃性を重視する名誉文化は集団間紛争の頻度と正の関係にあることが示された。 さらに、戦士への社会的報酬（賞賛、特権、地位）は，名誉文化と集団間紛争の頻度との関係を媒介した。 以上の結果は、集合レベルの名誉文化のプロセスが，戦争に参加する戦士の社会的評判を通じて集団間紛争を激化する可能性を示唆している。 ●著者による解説記事: https://nawatakengo.hatenablog.com/entry/nawata_2019_gpir

Ishiguro, C., Takagishi, H. (高岸治人), Sato, Y., Seow, A. W., Takahashi, A., Abe, Y., Hayashi, T., Kakizaki, H., Uno, K., Okada, H., Kato, E. (2021). 
Effect of dialogical appreciation based on visual thinking strategies on art-viewing strategies. 
絵画鑑賞における視覚的思考戦略に基づく対話型鑑賞の効果 
Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 15, 51-59. 
doi: 10.1037/aca0000258

This study examines how educational interventions involving art viewing affect students’ art-viewing behaviors and their evaluations of artworks. We focused on Visual Thinking Strategies (VTS), a typical intervention implemented in schools and museums, and examined its educational effect by comparing it to another common intervention: lectures on art history. To conduct this experiment, we recruited a sample of undergraduate students who were then assigned to a VTS condition or a lecture condition. The participants viewed 10 specific artworks both before and after receiving the educational intervention, and their eye movements and evaluations of each picture were measured and contrasted. The results showed that the participants who were assigned to the VTS condition increased the amount of time they spent viewing the artworks, whereas the lecture interventions had no observable effect on any measurement. The participants’ favorability toward the artworks was not affected by either intervention. These findings reveal a new aspect of the effects of employing VTS in art education regarding art viewing.

Ogihara, Y. (荻原祐二) (2019).
A decline in self-esteem in adults over 50 is not found in Japan: age differences in self-esteem from young adulthood to old age. 
日本では50歳以降の自尊心の低下は見られない：成人期から老年期における自尊心の年齢差 
BMC Research Notes, 12, 274. 
doi: 10.1186/s13104-019-4289-x

The current research examined age differences in self-esteem in Japan from young adults aged 20 to the elderly aged 69 with a focus on self-esteem trajectories from middle age to old age. Previous research in European American cultures has indicated that self-esteem rises from young adulthood into middle age, and sharply declines starting in one’s 50s or 60s. However, it was unclear whether this sharp drop would be found in Japan. Therefore, the present research investigated whether the same age differences were present in Japan by analyzing data from a large and diverse sample. Results showed that self-esteem increases from young adulthood into middle age, consistent with previous research. However, the sharp decline after the age of 50 was not found, which is different from the pattern in European American cultures. This may be related to a finding that people in East Asian cultures show more humble attitudes toward themselves.

Tanibe, T. (谷辺哲史), Hashimoto, T. (橋本剛明), Tomabechi, T. (苫米地飛), Masamoto, T. (正本拓), & Karasawa, K. (唐沢かおり) (2019).
Attributing mind to groups and their members on two dimensions.
集団とその成員に対する心の帰属の二次元性
Frontiers in Psychology, 10:840.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00840

Psychological research has revealed that people attribute mental states to groups such as companies, especially to those groups that are highly entitative. Moreover, attributing a mind to a group results in the decreased attribution of mind to individual group members. Recent research has demonstrated that the minds of others are perceived in two dimensions—agency and experience. The present study investigated the possibility that this two-dimensional structure exists in mind attribution to groups, and group entitativity has different patterns of relations with these dimensions. A vignette experiment revealed that highly entitative groups were attributed both agency and experience to greater degrees compared to non-entitative groups, while group entitativity reduced only the attribution of agency to the individual group members. Individual members were attributed an equivalent amount of experience regardless of group entitativity. Mind attribution to individual members showed an unpredicted third factor of other-recognition, which was positively related to group entitativity. The implications of mind attribution to moral issues were discussed.

Saito, Y. (齋藤美松), Ueshima, A. (上島淳史), Tanida, S. (谷田林士), & Kameda, T. (亀田達也) (2019). 
How does social information affect charitable giving?: Empathic concern promotes support for underdog recipient
社会情報は寄付行動にどのような影響を与えるか: 共感的配慮が判官びいきを促進する
Social Neuroscience, 14, 751-764.
doi: 10.1080/17470919.2019.1599421

Charitable giving represents a unique cooperative characteristic of humans. In today’s environment with social media, our charitable decisions seem to be influenced by social information such as a project’s popularity. Here we report three experiments that examined people’s reactions to social information about a charitable endeavor and their psychophysiological underpinnings. Participants were first solicited to make donations to either the Africa or Syria project of UNICEF. Then participants were provided an opportunity to learn social information (i.e., how much each project had raised from previous participants) and change their decision if desired. Contrary to expectation, participants who learned that their initial preferences were consistent with the majority of previous participants’ choices exhibited a sizable tendency to switch to the less popular project in their final choices. This anti-conformity pattern was robust across the three experiments. Eye-tracking data (gaze bias and pupil dilation) indicated that these “Changers” were more physiologically aroused and formed more differential valuations between the two charity projects, compared to “Keepers” who retained their initial preferences after viewing the social information. These results suggest that social information about relative popularity may evoke empathic concern for the worse-off target, in line with the human tendency to avoid unequal distributions.

Hiraoka, D.（平岡大樹）, & Nomura, M. (野村理朗) （2019）.
Maternal Childhood Adversity, OXTR Genotype and Cognitive Load Impact on Perceptual and Behavioral Responses to Infant Crying
乳児泣き声への反応に母親の被養育経験・オキシトシン受容体遺伝子多型・認知的負荷が影響を与える
Psychoneuroendocrinology, 104, 195-202.
doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.03.005

The crying of infants elicits aversive feelings and poses. Maternal childhood maltreatment can have negative parenting ability consequences and interact with the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) single nucleotide polymorphism (rs53576) to predict maternal response to infant distress stimuli. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of individual vulnerability differences to situational cognitive load in parenting situations. The current study, in which 124 mothers participated in a standardized infant vocalization paradigm, examined three-way interaction on subjective empathy, behavior intention, and handgrip force response to a crying infant. Participants were asked to squeeze a handgrip dynamometer at maximal and half strength while memorizing a meaningless alphabet syllable as the cognitive load manipulation. Significant interactions were also observed between OXTR rs53576, childhood adversity, and cognitive load when predicting excessive force and harsh response intention on hearing a crying infant. These findings suggested that, as the G allele carriers of OXTR rs53576 appear to be susceptible to the effects of severe childhood adversity, inter- and intra-individual approaches are needed when assessing maternal responses to infant stimuli.

Omi, Y.　（尾見康博）(2019).
Corporal punishment in extracurricular sports activities (bukatsu) represents an aspect of Japanese culture.
部活における体罰は日本文化の一側面を表している
In L.Tateo (ed.) Educational dilemmas: A cultural psychological perspective. NY: Routledge Pp.139-145.

Yoshiya Furukawa (古川善也), Ken'ichiro Nakashima (中島健一郎), Tsukawaki, R. (塚脇涼太)& Yasuko Morinaga (森永康子) (2019).
Guilt as a signal informing us of a threat to our morality.
道徳性への脅威を知らせるシグナルとしての罪悪感
Current Psychology
doi: 10.1007/s12144-019-0144-4

Some studies have shown the possibility that people feel guilt not only due to interpersonal problems but also when experiencing threats to their own internal morality (e.g. Eskine et al. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(5), 947-950, 2013), whereas other studies have shown that guilt-induced behaviours can restore individuals’ sense of moral person (e.g. Gneezy et al. Management Science, 58(1), 179–187, 2012; Zhong et al. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(5), 859–862, 2010). These findings suggest that guilt can strongly reflect how much individuals deviate from what they perceive to be adequate moral person. Therefore, we proposed that guilt works as an alert system that signals people about threats to their morality. We used the Implicit Association Test (Greenwald et al. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1464-1480, 1998) to investigate if an individual’s moral self decreased in the situation where that individual felt guilt. Results showed that implicit moral self in the guilt condition was lower than that in the control condition when controlling for individual variation in moral self. Our findings provide a new perspective on the function of guilt and generate new hypotheses about the relationship between guilt and behaviours.