日本の社会心理学者たちは，活発な研究活動を展開・公表しており，その成果は日本語による論文であれば例えば日本社会心理学会の機関誌である「社会心理学研究」等の学会誌に掲載され，また学術書として公刊されています．一方，当然のことながら学問に国境はなく，特に近年では国際的な論文誌や書籍にその成果が掲載されることも増えてきました．しかし，こうした国際的成果をくまなく知ることは，あまりにそのフィールドが広いためにあまり容易ではありませんでした．
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Kohama et al. (2017)
Kohama, S., Inamasu, K.（稲増一憲）, & Tago, A. (2017). To denounce, or not to denounce: Survey experiments on diplomatic quarrels. 糾弾すべきか，せざるべきか：パブリック・ディプロマシーについてのサーベイ実験 Political Communication, 34(2), 243-260 doi: 10.1080/10584609.2016.1200700Despite widespread concern over heated diplomatic debates and growing interest in public diplomacy, it is still incompletely understood what type of message is more effective for gaining support from foreign public, or the international society, in situations where disputing countries compete in diplomatic campaigns. This study, through multiple survey experiments, uncovers the effect of being silent, issuing positive justification, and negative accusation, in interaction with the opponent’s strategy. We demonstrate that negative verbal attacks “work” and undermine the target’s popularity as they do in electoral campaigns. Unlike domestic electoral campaigns, however, negative diplomacy has little “backlash” and persuades people to support the attacker. Consequently, mutual verbal fights make neither party more popular than the other. Nevertheless, this does not discourage disputants from waging verbal fights due to the structure similar to the one-shot prisoner’s dilemma. We also find that positive messages are highly context-dependent—that is, their effects greatly depend on the opponent’s strategy and value proximity between the messenger and the receiver.
Lee (2017)
Lee, Jinah(李 津娥)(2017). Japanese Political Advertising in a Changing Media and Electoral Environment. 変化するメディアと選挙環境における日本の政治広告 In Holtz-Bacha, Christina & Just, Marion R.(eds). Routledge Handbook of Political Advertising. New York: Routledge, pp.353-365. ISBN-13: 978-1138908307This Handbook provides the most comprehensive overview of the role of electoral advertising on television and new forms of advertising in countries from all parts of the world currently available. Thematic chapters address advertising effects, negative ads, the perspective of practitioners and gender role. Country chapters summarize research on issues including political and electoral systems; history of ads; the content of ads; reception and effects of ads; regulation of political advertising on television and the Internet; financing political advertising; and prospects for the future. The Handbook confirms that candidates spend the major part of their campaign budget on television advertising. The US enjoys a special situation with almost no restrictions on electoral advertising whereas other countries have regulation for the time, amount and sometimes even the content of electoral advertising or they do not allow television advertising at all. The role that television advertising plays in elections is dependent on the political, the electoral and the media context and can generally be regarded as a reflection of the political culture of a country. The Internet is relatively unregulated and is the channel of the future for political advertising in many countries.
Seo et al. (2016)
Seo, K., Motoyoshi, T.(元吉忠寛), & Maeda, Y. (2016). Risk Perceptions of Resuming Nuclear Power Plant Operations After Fukushima: A Student Survey. 福島第一原子力発電所事故後の原子力発電所再稼働に関するリスク認知:学生を対象とした調査 Journal of Disaster Research, 11, 789-797. doi: 10.20965/jdr.2016.p0789Quake-induced accident of Fukushima nuclear power plant in 2011 triggered heated argument about the country’s energy policy in Japan. Although many people recognized the risk of nuclear energy use, they did not necessarily support the option of abandoning the technology for the near future. This paper focuses on how people perceive risks associated with and without nuclear power generation and how perceived risks affect their opinion. We conducted questionnaire survey targeting 18–20 year old university students, the stakeholders in the future. The survey was implemented in 2013–2014 when none of Japan’s nuclear power plants was in active use. Three quarters of the respondents answered that a future with nuclear power generation was more realistic than without it. The aspects dividing the two groups, i.e., respondents who expect a future with or without nuclear energy use were their evaluations of three themes: (1) the feasibility of renewable energy sources, (2) the impacts in the safety of developing nations’ nuclear power generation, and (3) the difficulty in gaining the acceptance of residents near the power plants. Meanwhile, both groups above were similarly positive about technological innovation, and were similarly and strongly negative about developing safety management.
Majima et al. (2017)
Majima, Y. (眞嶋良全), Nishiyama K., Nishihara A., Hata, R. (2017).
Conducting Online Behavioral Research Using Crowdsourcing Services in Japan.
国内クラウドソーシングサービスを用いたオンライン行動研究
Frontiers in Psychology, 8:378.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00378
Recent research on human behavior has often collected empirical data from the online labor market, through a process known as crowdsourcing. As well as the United States and the major European countries, there are several crowdsourcing services in Japan. For research purpose, Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) is the widely used platform among those services. Previous validation studies have shown many commonalities between MTurk workers and participants from traditional samples based on not only personality but also performance on reasoning tasks. The present study aims to extend these findings to non-MTurk (i.e., Japanese) crowdsourcing samples in which workers have different ethnic backgrounds from those of MTurk. We conducted three surveys (N = 426, 453, 167, respectively) designed to compare Japanese crowdsourcing workers and university students in terms of their demographics, personality traits, reasoning skills, and attention to instructions. The results generally align with previous studies and suggest that non-MTurk participants are also eligible for behavioral research. Furthermore, small screen devices are found to impair participants’ attention to instructions. Several recommendations concerning this sample are presented.
Majima (2017)
Majima, Y. (眞嶋良全) (2017).
The Feasibility of a Japanese Crowdsourcing Service for Experimental Research in Psychology.
心理学の実験研究における国内クラウドソーシングサンプルの可能性
SAGE Open, 7(1).
doi: 10.1177/2158244017698731
Recent studies have empirically validated the data obtained from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. Amazon’s Mechanical Turk workers behaved similarly not only in simple surveys but also in tasks used in cognitive behavioral experiments that employ multiple trials and require continuous attention to the task. The present study aimed to extend these findings to data from Japanese crowdsourcing pool in which participants have different ethnic backgrounds from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk workers. In five cognitive experiments, such as the Stroop and Flanker experiments, the reaction times and error rates of Japanese crowdsourcing workers and those of university students were compared and contrasted. The results were consistent with those of previous studies, although the students responded more quickly and poorly than the workers. These findings suggested that the Japanese crowdsourcing sample is another eligible participant pool in behavioral research; however, further investigations are needed to address issues of qualitative differences between student and worker samples.
Inaba et al. (2016)
Inaba, M. (稲葉美里), Takahashi, N. (高橋伸幸), Ohtsuki, H. (2016).
Robustness of linkage strategy that leads to large-scale cooperation.
大規模協力の達成を可能にする連結戦略の頑健性
Journal of Theoretical Biology, 409, 97-107.
doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.08.035
One of the most well-known models to characterize cooperation among unrelated individuals is Social dilemma (SD). However there is no consensus about how to solve the SD by itself. Since SDs are often embedded in other social interactions, including indirect reciprocity games (IR), human can coordinate their behaviors across multiple games. Such coordination is called ‘linkage’. Recently linkage has been considered as a promising solution to resolve SDs, since excluding SD defectors (i.e. those who defected in SD) from indirectly reciprocal relationships functions as a costless sanction. A previous study performed mathematical modeling and revealed that a linkage strategy, which cooperates in SD and engages in the Standing strategy in IR based on the recipients’ behaviors in both SD and IR, was an ESS against a non-linkage strategy which defects in SD and engages in the Standing strategy in IR based on recipients’ behaviors only in IR (Panchanathan and Boyd, 2004). In order to investigate the robustness of the linkage strategy, we devised a non-linkage strategy, which cooperates in SD but does not link two games. First, we conducted a mathematical analysis and demonstrated that the linkage strategy was not an ESS against cooperating non-linkage strategy. Second, we conducted a series of agent-based computer simulations to examine how the strategies perform in situations in which various types of errors can occur. Our results showed that the linkage strategy was an ESS only when there are implementation errors in SD. However, the equilibrium of the linkage strategy was unstable when there are perception errors. Since we know that humans are not free from perception errors in their social life, future studies will need to show how perception errors can be overcome in order to provide support for the conclusion that linkage is a plausible solution to SDs.
Ishii et al. (2017)
Ishii, K. (石井敬子), Eisen, C. (カリス・アイゼン), & Hitokoto, H. (一言英文) (2017).
The effects of social status and culture on delay discounting.
遅延割引における社会的地位と文化の効果
Japanese Psychological Research.
doi: 10.1111/jpr.12154
People generally tend to discount future outcomes in favor of smaller but immediate gains (i.e., delay discounting). This study examines the hypothesis that culture and social status moderate this tendency, as well as the alternative hypothesis that social status and culture influence delay discounting independently of each other. American and Japanese adults were asked to choose receiving hypothetical monetary rewards either immediately or receiving rewards of different amounts with a delay of 1 year. The results replicated previous findings and supported the alternative hypothesis. Delay discounting was lower when subjective socioeconomic status (i.e., an individual’s perception of her or his social rank) was higher. Also, the Japanese were less likely to discount future rewards than the Americans. However, there was no interaction between social status and culture in influencing the rates of delay discounting.
Kito et al. (2017)
Kito, M. (鬼頭美江), Yuki, M. (結城雅樹), & Thomson, R. (トムソン ロバート ジョン) (2017). Relational mobility and close relationships: A socioecological approach to explain cross-cultural differences. 関係流動性と対人関係：社会生態学的アプローチを用いた文化差の説明 Personal Relationships, 24, 114-130. doi: 10.1111/pere.12174
This article reviews how behaviors and psychological tendencies in close relationships differ between cultures, and proposes a socioecological framework to understand those differences. Our review of the literature finds that paradoxically, people in individualistic cultures are more actively engaged in close relationships (e.g., higher levels of social support, self-disclosure, intimacy, and love) than those in collectivistic cultures. From an adaptationist perspective, we argue that one reason for these differences is higher levels of relational mobility in individualistic cultures. In societies with high relational mobility, where relationships are relatively more fragile, more active engagement in close relationships helps individuals to impress potential, and retain current, partners. We emphasize the importance of examining socioecologies to better understand close relationships.
親密な対人関係における行動（e.g., ソーシャルサポート、自己開示）や心理過程（e.g., 親密性、愛）に関する比較文化研究のレビューを行い、「集団主義文化」よりも「個人主義文化」の方が、人々が対人関係に積極的に関わることを明らかにしました。文化心理学において意外なこの知見の原因を、高関係流動性社会への適応という観点から説明しています。つまり、「個人主義文化」では、関係流動性が高く、対人関係が解消されやすいため、対人関係に積極的に関わることにより、関係相手を惹きつけやすくなります。対人関係研究において、人々を取り巻く社会環境の影響を考慮する重要性について考察しています。
Kito (2016)
Kito, M. (鬼頭美江) (2016). Shared and unique prototype features of relationship quality concepts. 対人関係の良好さに関連する概念間で共通するプロトタイプ特徴と概念特有のプロトタイプ特徴 Personal Relationships, 23, 759-786. doi: 10.1111/pere.12156Previous research on relationship quality concepts suggests they are not as distinct as expected. What aspects are similar and distinct across these concepts? Using a prototype approach, this research identified the commonalities and uniqueness of 7 relationship quality concepts: commitment, intimacy, love, passion, satisfaction, trust, and relationship quality. The results indicated that (a) 4 features were shared across all 7 concepts, and some were exclusive to each concept, and (b) shared features were rated as more important for romantic relationship functioning than unique features both explicitly and implicitly. This research provides a framework to understand overarching and distinct aspects of relationship quality concepts and how this is reflected in people’s evaluation of what is important in romantic relationships.
Morinaga et al. (2017)
Morinaga, Y.（森永康子）, Sakamoto, Y., & Nakashima, K.（中島健一郎） (2017). Gender, Attitudes Toward War, and Masculinities in Japan. （日本におけるジェンダー，戦争に対する態度，そして男らしさ） Psychological Reports. doi: 10.1177/0033294117698463Previous studies have argued that masculinity is linked to war. We conducted a web-based survey to examine relationships between gender, attitudes toward war, and masculinities within a sample of Japanese adults of both sexes (N = 366). Our results indicated that while men were more likely than women to accept war, the relationship between attitudes toward war and masculinities was inconclusive. Moreover, the results suggested that favorable attitudes toward war among men could be attenuated by interpersonal orientations. Based on our findings, we recommend a reexamination of attitudes toward war within the Japanese population.