国際誌論文データベース

Ozono, H.（大薗博記）, Kamijo, Y., & Shimizu, K. (2016). 
Institutionalize reciprocity to overcome the public goods provision problem 
互恵性の制度化による公共財供給問題の解決 
PLoS ONE, 11(6), e0154321. 
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154321

Cooperation is fundamental to human societies, and one of the important paths for its emergence and maintenance is reciprocity. In prisoner’s dilemma (PD) experiments, reciprocal strategies are often effective at attaining and maintaining high cooperation. In many public goods (PG) games or n-person PD experiments, however, reciprocal strategies are not successful at engendering cooperation. In the present paper, we attribute this difficulty to a coordination problem against free riding among reciprocators: Because it is difficult for the reciprocators to coordinate their behaviors against free riders, this may lead to inequality among players, which will demotivate them from cooperating in future rounds. We propose a new mechanism, institutionalized reciprocity (IR), which refers to embedding the reciprocal strategy as an institution (i.e., institutionalizing the reciprocal strategy). We experimentally demonstrate that IR can prevent groups of reciprocators from falling into coordination failure and achieve high cooperation in PG games. In conclusion, we argue that a natural extension of the present study will be to investigate the possibility of IR to serve as a collective punishment system.

Ozono, H.（大薗博記）, Jin, N.（神信人）, Watabe, M.（渡部幹）, & Shimizu, K. (2016).
Solving the second-order free rider problem in a public goods game: An experiment using a leader support system 
公共財ゲームにおける2次的フリーライダー問題の解決：リーダーサポートシステムによる実験 
Scientific Reports, 6, 38349.
doi: 10.1038/srep38349

Punishment of non-cooperators—free riders—can lead to high cooperation in public goods games (PGG). However, second-order free riders, who do not pay punishment costs, reduce the effectiveness of punishment. Here we introduce a “leader support system,” in which one group leader can freely punish group followers using capital pooled through the support of group followers. In our experiment, participants engage in three stages repeatedly: a PGG stage in which followers decide to cooperate for their group; a support stage in which followers decide whether to support the leader; and a punishment stage in which the leader can punish any follower. We compare a support-present condition with a no-support condition, in which there is an external source for the leader’s punishment. The results show that punishment occurs more frequently in the support-present condition than the no-support condition. Within the former, both higher cooperation and higher support for a leader are achieved under linkage-type leaders—who punish both non-cooperators and non-supporters. In addition, linkage-type leaders themselves earn higher profits than other leader types because they withdraw more support. This means that leaders who effectively punish followers could increase their own benefits and the second-order free rider problem would be solved.

Yamagishi, T. (山岸俊男), Matsumoto, Y.(松本良恵), Kiyonari, T.(清成透子), Takagishi, H.(高岸治人), Li, Y.(李楊), Kanai, R., & Sakagami, M. (2017). 
Response time in economic games reflects different types of decision conflict for prosocial and proself individuals 
経済ゲームにおける反応時間は向社会的と向自己的個体の決定コンフリクトの違いを反映する 
Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America (Published online before print May 30, 2017) doi: 10.1073/pnas.1608877114 

Behavioral and neuroscientific studies explore two pathways through which internalized social norms promote prosocial behavior. One pathway involves internal control of impulsive selfishness, and the other involves emotion-based prosocial preferences that are translated into behavior when they evade cognitive control for pursuing self-interest. We measured 443 participants’ overall prosocial behavior in four economic games. Participants’ predispositions [social value orientation (SVO)] were more strongly reflected in their overall game behavior when they made decisions quickly than when they spent a longer time. Prosocially (or selfishly) predisposed participants behaved less prosocially (or less selfishly) when they spent more time in decision making, such that their SVO prosociality yielded limited effects in actual behavior in their slow decisions. The increase (or decrease) in slower decision makers was prominent among consistent prosocials (or proselfs) whose strong preference for prosocial (or proself) goals would make it less likely to experience conflict between prosocial and proself goals. The strong effect of RT on behavior in consistent prosocials (or proselfs) suggests that conflict between prosocial and selfish goals alone is not responsible for slow decisions. Specifically, we found that contemplation of the risk of being exploited by others (social risk aversion) was partly responsible for making consistent prosocials (but not consistent proselfs) spend longer time in decision making and behave less prosocially. Conflict between means rather than between goals (immediate versus strategic pursuit of self-interest) was suggested to be responsible for the time-related increase in consistent proselfs’ prosocial behavior. The findings of this study are generally in favor of the intuitive cooperation model of prosocial behavior. プレスリリース（玉川大学）はこちら．

Ogihara, Y. (荻原祐二). (2017).
Temporal changes in individualism and their ramification in Japan: Rising individualism and conflicts with persisting collectivism.
日本における個人主義傾向の経時的変化とその心理的帰結：増加する個人主義と維持された集団主義との葛藤
Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 695.

Many studies have shown that American culture has become more individualistic over time. However, it was unclear whether other cultures, especially East Asian cultures, have also shifted toward greater individualism. Therefore, this article reviewed studies investigating temporal changes in individualism in Japan and their ramifications on psychology and behavior. Japan has experienced rapid and dramatic economic growth and urbanization and has adopted more social systems based on individualistic concepts in various contexts (e.g., workplace, school). Recent studies have suggested that, along with these socioeconomic changes, Japanese culture has become more individualistic over time. Specifically, the divorce rate increased and household size decreased. Moreover, people give more unique names to their children and dogs, and individualistic words such as “individual” and “uniqueness” appear more frequently in newspapers. Furthermore, social values became more individualistic. Yet, it has also been shown that some collectivistic values still remain. As a result, people have difficulty in adapting to this coexistence, which injures interpersonal relationships and well-being. This paper discussed how Japanese culture changed over time and how such changes affected Japanese psychology and behavior.

Ishii, K. (石井健一) (2017).
A Comparative Study between Japanese, US, Taiwanese, and Chinese Social Networking Site Users: Self-Disclosure and Network Homogeneity.
(日本、米国、台湾、中国のSNS利用者の比較―自己開示とネットワークの同質性)
In Ana Serrano Telleria (ed), Between the Public and Private in Mobile Communication, New York: Routledge, pp.155-174. 
ISBN-13: 978-1138225558 

This study compares Facebook users in Japan, the US, and Taiwan, and users of similar SNSs in China, focusing on their self-disclosure and network characteristics. An online questionnaire survey was conducted in these four countries in 2012/2013. Results indicate that mobile device users use SNS more frequently than desktop/laptop PC users. Results also indicate that cultural differences in SNS use were observed. Across these four countries, the Japanese have the smallest number of Facebook friends; the highest level of homogeneity in their friendship network; the highest proportion of offline friends; are least likely to disclose personally identifiable information; and most frequently read and post messages on Facebook. In contrast, the Chinese are most likely to disclose personal attribute information and Taiwanese are most likely to disclose personal information on SNS. The Japanese also show a positive and significant correlation between network homogeneity, number of Facebook friends, and disclosure of personal information, which suggests that they depend on offline homogeneous relationships more than SNS users in other countries for their Facebook friending process. Structural equation model results indicate that cultural differences in self-disclosure on SNS between Japanese, Taiwanese, and Chinese users are partially explained by relational mobility.

Aiba, M. (相羽美幸), Tachikawa, H., Fukuoka,Y. (福岡欣治), Lebowitz, A., Shiratori, Y., Doi, N., & Matsui, Y. (松井豊) (2017).
Standardization of Brief Inventory of Social Support Exchange Network (BISSEN) in Japan.
日本における簡易ソーシャル・サポート・ネットワーク尺度 (BISSEN) の標準化
Psychiatry Research, 253, 364-372.
doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.03.056

This study describes the Brief Inventory of Social Support Exchange Network (BISSEN) as a standardized brief inventory measuring various aspects of social support. We confirmed the reliability and validity for function and direction of support and standardized the BISSEN. For Sample 1, a stratified random sampling method was used to select 5200 residents in Japan. We conducted mail surveys and responses were retrieved from 2274 participants (collection rate 43.7%). Participants completed a questionnaire packet that included BISSEN, suicidal ideation, depression, support seeking, and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Sample 2 surveys for test-retest reliability were conducted on 23 residents at approximately two-week intervals. Participants were asked about gender, age, and BISSEN. First, we assessed the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, construct, convergent, and concurrent validity. McDonald’s omega (.73–.92) and test-retest correlations (.78–.85) demonstrated adequate internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Depression, support seeking, and MSPSS were significantly correlated with all scores of BISSEN. The non-suicidal ideation group had significantly more support compared to the suicidal ideation group. Therefore, function and direction of support in BISSEN had sufficient reliability and validity. Next, we standardized BISSEN using Z-scores and percentile rank with respect to each 12 norm groups by age and gender. 8項目で受領サポートと提供サポートをどちらも測定できるソーシャル・サポート・ネットワーク尺度を作成し、性年代別に標準化しました。標準化の換算表はSupplemental Materialsに入っています。日本語の項目は、精神医学55巻9号pp.863-873「簡易ソーシャル・サポート・ネットワーク尺度 (BISSEN) の開発」をご覧ください。

Kohama, S., Inamasu, K.（稲増一憲）, & Tago, A. (2017).
 To denounce, or not to denounce: Survey experiments on diplomatic quarrels.
 糾弾すべきか，せざるべきか：パブリック・ディプロマシーについてのサーベイ実験
 Political Communication, 34(2), 243-260
 doi: 10.1080/10584609.2016.1200700

Despite widespread concern over heated diplomatic debates and growing interest in public diplomacy, it is still incompletely understood what type of message is more effective for gaining support from foreign public, or the international society, in situations where disputing countries compete in diplomatic campaigns. This study, through multiple survey experiments, uncovers the effect of being silent, issuing positive justification, and negative accusation, in interaction with the opponent’s strategy. We demonstrate that negative verbal attacks “work” and undermine the target’s popularity as they do in electoral campaigns. Unlike domestic electoral campaigns, however, negative diplomacy has little “backlash” and persuades people to support the attacker. Consequently, mutual verbal fights make neither party more popular than the other. Nevertheless, this does not discourage disputants from waging verbal fights due to the structure similar to the one-shot prisoner’s dilemma. We also find that positive messages are highly context-dependent—that is, their effects greatly depend on the opponent’s strategy and value proximity between the messenger and the receiver.

Lee, Jinah(李　津娥)(2017). 
Japanese Political Advertising in a Changing Media and Electoral Environment. 
変化するメディアと選挙環境における日本の政治広告
In Holtz-Bacha, Christina & Just, Marion R.(eds). Routledge Handbook of Political Advertising. New York: Routledge, pp.353-365.
ISBN-13: 978-1138908307

This Handbook provides the most comprehensive overview of the role of electoral advertising on television and new forms of advertising in countries from all parts of the world currently available. Thematic chapters address advertising effects, negative ads, the perspective of practitioners and gender role. Country chapters summarize research on issues including political and electoral systems; history of ads; the content of ads; reception and effects of ads; regulation of political advertising on television and the Internet; financing political advertising; and prospects for the future. The Handbook confirms that candidates spend the major part of their campaign budget on television advertising. The US enjoys a special situation with almost no restrictions on electoral advertising whereas other countries have regulation for the time, amount and sometimes even the content of electoral advertising or they do not allow television advertising at all. The role that television advertising plays in elections is dependent on the political, the electoral and the media context and can generally be regarded as a reflection of the political culture of a country. The Internet is relatively unregulated and is the channel of the future for political advertising in many countries.

Seo, K., Motoyoshi, T.(元吉忠寛), & Maeda, Y. (2016). 
Risk Perceptions of Resuming Nuclear Power Plant Operations After Fukushima: A Student Survey.
福島第一原子力発電所事故後の原子力発電所再稼働に関するリスク認知:学生を対象とした調査
Journal of Disaster Research, 11, 789-797. 
doi: 10.20965/jdr.2016.p0789

Quake-induced accident of Fukushima nuclear power plant in 2011 triggered heated argument about the country’s energy policy in Japan. Although many people recognized the risk of nuclear energy use, they did not necessarily support the option of abandoning the technology for the near future. This paper focuses on how people perceive risks associated with and without nuclear power generation and how perceived risks affect their opinion. We conducted questionnaire survey targeting 18–20 year old university students, the stakeholders in the future. The survey was implemented in 2013–2014 when none of Japan’s nuclear power plants was in active use. Three quarters of the respondents answered that a future with nuclear power generation was more realistic than without it. The aspects dividing the two groups, i.e., respondents who expect a future with or without nuclear energy use were their evaluations of three themes: (1) the feasibility of renewable energy sources, (2) the impacts in the safety of developing nations’ nuclear power generation, and (3) the difficulty in gaining the acceptance of residents near the power plants. Meanwhile, both groups above were similarly positive about technological innovation, and were similarly and strongly negative about developing safety management.

Majima, Y. (眞嶋良全), Nishiyama K., Nishihara A., Hata, R. (2017). 
Conducting Online Behavioral Research Using Crowdsourcing Services in Japan. 
国内クラウドソーシングサービスを用いたオンライン行動研究
Frontiers in Psychology, 8:378. 
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00378

Recent research on human behavior has often collected empirical data from the online labor market, through a process known as crowdsourcing. As well as the United States and the major European countries, there are several crowdsourcing services in Japan. For research purpose, Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) is the widely used platform among those services. Previous validation studies have shown many commonalities between MTurk workers and participants from traditional samples based on not only personality but also performance on reasoning tasks. The present study aims to extend these findings to non-MTurk (i.e., Japanese) crowdsourcing samples in which workers have different ethnic backgrounds from those of MTurk. We conducted three surveys (N = 426, 453, 167, respectively) designed to compare Japanese crowdsourcing workers and university students in terms of their demographics, personality traits, reasoning skills, and attention to instructions. The results generally align with previous studies and suggest that non-MTurk participants are also eligible for behavioral research. Furthermore, small screen devices are found to impair participants’ attention to instructions. Several recommendations concerning this sample are presented.