国際誌論文データベース

Ishii, K. (石井健一)　(2017).
 Online communication with strong ties and subjective well-being in Japan.
 日本人の幸福感と強い紐帯とのオンラインコミュニケーション
 Computers in Human Behavior, 66, 129–137.
 doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.09.033

Recent developments in communication technologies have changed how people connect and interact with each other. This study investigates whether and how online communication with strong ties (mobile phone and social networking service [SNS]) enhances subjective well-being in Japan. Study 1 examined whether the correlation between happiness and mobile phone use was mediated by the number of offline and online friends. Study 2 assessed the associations between the Japanese relationship-oriented value “interdependent self-view,” life satisfaction, and the use of SNS. Results indicate that only the use of LINE (an instant messaging application), which is the most popular SNS in Japan, was significantly correlated with life satisfaction and interdependent self-view. The number of friends (offline and online) mediated the effect of LINE use on life satisfaction. Interdependent self-view was significantly correlated with the frequency of LINE use, homogeneity of LINE friends, and life satisfaction. These results indicate that the use of a dominant online communication method with strong ties is significantly correlated with subjective well-being, and this significant correlation is mediated by the number of offline and online friends.

Niiya, Y.（新谷優） (2016). 
Does a favor request increase liking toward the requester?
頼み事をされるとその人への好意は増すか？
Journal of Social Psychology, 156(2), 211-221.
doi: 10.1080/00224545.2015.1095706

Although a request for help can impose a burden on the provider and has the potential of harming a relationship, the theory of amae suggests that in fact it could help promote a stronger relationship. In an experiment, both Japanese and American participants who were asked for help from a confederate increased their liking of the confederate relative to the baseline. Sociable impression of the confederate and perceived closeness of the relationship also increased relative to the baseline. There was, however, no such increase when participants helped the confederate without receiving a direct request. This study suggests that despite the potential risks to relationships, asking favors can provide opportunities for requesters to build and promote relationships.

Ogihara, Y. (荻原祐二). (2016). 
The Change in Self-Esteem among Middle School Students in Japan, 1989-2002. 
1989年から2002年の日本の中学生における自尊感情の経時的変化 
Psychology, 7, 1343-1351. 
doi: 10.4236/psych.2016.711136

This paper examined temporal changes in self-esteem among middle school students in Japan from 1989 to 2002. Previous research showed that self-esteem decreased among middle school students between 1999 and 2006. However, it was unclear whether such a decrease was also present in other periods of time. To obtain a better understanding of how people adapt to socio-economic environments, it is important to gain a more comprehensive view of such long-term cultural/social changes. Therefore, to supplement the findings of the existing research on changes in self-esteem, we analyzed large-sample time-series data collected in Japan in 1989 and 2002. We found that middle schoolers’ self-esteem decreased from 1989 to 2002, consistent with previous research. Thus, our study extends the previous research by presenting additional data showing the decrease in self-esteem in Japan.

関連論文(Previous research)：Ogihara, Uchida, & Kusumi (2016)

Matsumoto, Y.(松本良恵), Yamagishi, T.(山岸俊男), Li, Y.(李楊), & Kiyonari, T.(清成透子) (2016).
Prosocial Behavior Increases with Age across Five Economic Games.
（向社会的行動は年齢と共に増加する：5つの経済ゲームによる検討）
PLoS ONE. 
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158671

Ontogenic studies of human prosociality generally agree on that human prosociality increases from early childhood through early adulthood; however, it has not been established if prosociality increases beyond early adulthood. We examined a sample of 408 non-student residents from Tokyo, Japan, who were evenly distributed across age (20–59) and sex. Participants played five economic games each separated by a few months. We demonstrated that prosocial behavior increased with age beyond early adulthood and this effect was shown across all five economic games. A similar, but weaker, age-related trend was found in one of three social value orientation measures of prosocial preferences. We measured participants’ belief that manipulating others is a wise strategy for social success, and found that this belief declined with age. Participants’ satisfaction with the unilateral exploitation outcome of the prisoner’s dilemma games also declined with age. These two factors—satisfaction with the DC outcome in the prisoner’s dilemma games and belief in manipulation—mediated the age effect on both attitudinal and behavioral prosociality. Participants’ age-related socio-demographic traits such as marriage, having children, and owning a house weakly mediated the age effect on prosociality through their relationships with satisfaction with the DC outcome and belief in manipulation.

Yamagishi, T.(山岸俊男), Li, Y.(李楊), Matsumoto, Y.(松本良恵), Kiyonari, T.(清成透子) (2016)
Moral Bargain Hunters Purchase Moral Righteousness When it is Cheap: Within-Individual Effect of Stake Size in Economic Games.
（モラルバーゲンハンターはモラルの正しさを購買する．ただし，安ければ：経済ゲームにおける個人内ステイクサイズの効果）
Scientific Reports, 6: 27824.
doi: 10.1038/srep27824

Despite the repeatedly raised criticism that findings in economic games are specific to situations involving trivial incentives, most studies that have examined the stake-size effect have failed to find a strong effect. Using three prisoner’s dilemma experiments, involving 479 non-student residents of suburban Tokyo and 162 students, we show here that stake size strongly affects a player’s cooperation choices in prisoner’s dilemma games when stake size is manipulated within each individual such that each player faces different stake sizes. Participants cooperated at a higher rate when stakes were lower than when they were higher, regardless of the absolute stake size. These findings suggest that participants were ‘moral bargain hunters’ who purchased moral righteousness at a low price when they were provided with a ‘price list’ of prosocial behaviours. In addition, the moral bargain hunters who cooperated at a lower stake but not at a higher stake did not cooperate in a single-stake one-shot game. 玉川大学プレスリリース

Miura, A.(三浦麻子), & Kobayashi, T.(小林哲郎) (2016).
Survey satisficing inflates stereotypical responses in online experiment: The case of immigration study.
オンライン調査に際する「努力の最小限化」は心理学研究の結果を歪める：自国民と他国民のイメージ評価を用いた実験的研究
Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1563.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01563

Though survey satisficing, grudging cognitive efforts required to provide optimal answers in the survey response process, poses a serious threat to the validity of online experiments, a detailed explanation of the mechanism has yet to be established. Focusing on attitudes toward immigrants, we examined the mechanism by which survey satisficing distorts treatment effect estimates in online experiments. We hypothesized that satisficers would display more stereotypical responses than non-satisficers would when presented with stereotype-disconfirming information about an immigrant. Results of two experiments largely supported our hypotheses. Satisficers, whom we identified through an instructional manipulation check (IMC), processed information about immigrants’ personality traits congruently with the stereotype activated by information provided about nationality. The significantly shorter vignette reading time of satisficers corroborates their time-efficient impression formation based on stereotyping. However, the shallow information processing of satisficers can be rectified by alerting them to their inattentiveness through use of a repeated IMC. オンライン調査に回答する際に協力者が応分の注意資源を割こうとしない行動（努力の最小限化；Satisfice）が心理学の研究結果に及ぼす影響について検討しました。調査冒頭で努力の最小限化をした協力者は、事後の人物イメージ評価において、その人が他国民の場合は、その人の性格に関する情報よりも、その人の国籍に応じたステレオタイプにひきずられた回答をする傾向がありました。しかし、こうした傾向は、努力の最小限化に警告を与え、回答者の行動を修正することである程度解消されることがわかりました。

Kawamoto, T. (川本 大史), Ura, M. (浦 光博), & Hiraki, K. (2017). 
Curious people are less affected by social rejection. 
好奇心旺盛な人は拒絶の影響を受けにくい 
Personality and Individual Differences, 105, 264-267. 
doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.006

Recent studies have revealed that curiosity—seeking new information and experiences—can improve psychological and social functioning. However, the social nature of curiosity remains poorly understood. We tested whether curious people show better psychological adaptation because (1) they have less rejection sensitivity, and (2) they are less susceptible to daily social rejection experiences. These two hypotheses were supported by a cross-sectional study (N = 500, 20–39 years old). We found that rejection sensitivity partially mediates the relationship between curiosity and psychological adaptation (life satisfaction and depression). Furthermore, curiosity moderated the relationships between perceived daily social rejection experiences and life satisfaction: Curious people are buffered against such aversive effects, relative to less curious people. Our findings suggest one possible explanation for why curious people experience better psychological functioning: They appear to be less affected by social rejection. 

Suzuki, T.（鈴木貴久）, Kobayashi, T.（小林哲郎）, & Boase, J. (2016).
Political Conversations as Civic Engagement: Examining Patterns from Mobile Communication Logs in Japan.
市民参加としての政治的会話：日本のモバイルコミュニケーションログパターンの検証
Mobile Media, Political Participation, and Civic Activism in Asia, Part of the series Mobile Communication in Asia: Local Insights, Global Implications, pp 57-79.
doi: 10.1007/978-94-024-0917-8_4

Political conversation is regarded as an important form of political participation and civic engagement. Although significant differences have been found in the level of political conversation between countries, studies on political conversation in Japan are scarce. In this study, we investigated political conversation between people, considering the kinds of dyads in personal networks in Japan and how partners are selected. We pursued an exploratory analysis of the features of dyads in political conversation through mobile communication logs, comparing those in Japan and the US. For both countries, the results show that discussion of important topics and the number of voice calls in the afternoon was significant predictors of political conversations. In Japan, discussing with other people and family were more significant predictors than for the US. These results may have important implications for clarifying the extent to which political conversations take place, with whom, and how they occur as a by-product of other topics.

Kameda, T.（亀田達也）, Inukai, K.（犬飼佳吾）, Higuchi, S., Ogawa, A., Kim, H., Matsuda, T., & Sakagami, M. (2016).
Rawlsian maximin rule operates as a common cognitive anchor in distributive justice and risky decisions.
ロールズのマキシミン基準は分配的正義とリスキーな決定に際する一般的な認知的アンカーとして機能する
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Published online before print September 29, 2016.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1602641113

Distributive justice concerns the moral principles by which we seek to allocate resources fairly among diverse members of a society. Although the concept of fair allocation is one of the fundamental building blocks for societies, there is no clear consensus on how to achieve “socially just” allocations. Here, we examine neurocognitive commonalities of distributive judgments and risky decisions. We explore the hypothesis that people’s allocation decisions for others are closely related to economic decisions for oneself at behavioral, cognitive, and neural levels, via a concern about the minimum, worst-off position. In a series of experiments using attention-monitoring and brain-imaging techniques, we investigated this “maximin” concern (maximizing the minimum possible payoff) via responses in two seemingly disparate tasks: third-party distribution of rewards for others, and choosing gambles for self. The experiments revealed three robust results: (i) participants’ distributive choices closely matched their risk preferences—“Rawlsians,” who maximized the worst-off position in distributions for others, avoided riskier gambles for themselves, whereas “utilitarians,” who favored the largest-total distributions, preferred riskier but more profitable gambles; (ii) across such individual choice preferences, however, participants generally showed the greatest spontaneous attention to information about the worst possible outcomes in both tasks; and (iii) this robust concern about the minimum outcomes was correlated with activation of the right temporoparietal junction (RTPJ), the region associated with perspective taking. The results provide convergent evidence that social distribution for others is psychologically linked to risky decision making for self, drawing on common cognitive–neural processes with spontaneous perspective taking of the worst-off position.

Nakayachi, K. (中谷内一也), & Nagaya, K. (長谷和久). (2016). 
The Effects of the Passage of Time from the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake on the Public’s Anxiety about a Variety of Hazards. 
2011年の東日本大震災からの時間の経過が多様なハザードに対する人々の不安に与える影響
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(9), 866. 
doi:10.3390/ijerph13090866

This research investigated whether the Japanese people’s anxiety about a variety of hazards, including earthquakes and nuclear accidents, has changed over time since the Tohoku Earthquake in 2011. Data fromthree nationwide surveys conducted in 2008, 2012, and 2015 were compared to see the change in societal levels of anxiety toward 51 types of hazards. The same two-phase stratified random sampling method was used to create the list of participants in each survey. The results showed that anxiety about earthquakes and nuclear accidents had increased for a time after the Tohoku Earthquake, and then decreased after a four-year time frame with no severe earthquakes and nuclear accidents. It was also revealed that the anxiety level for some hazards other than earthquakes and nuclear accidents had decreased at ten months after the Earthquake, and then remained unchanged after the four years. Therefore, ironically, a major disaster might decrease the public anxiety in general at least for several years.