国際誌論文データベース

Hikichi, H.（引地博之）, Kondo, K., Takeda, T., & Kawachi, I. (2016).
Social interaction and cognitive decline: Results of a 7-year community intervention
社会的交流と認知機能の関連：７年間のコミュニティ介入研究の結果から
Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions. 
doi: 10.1016/j.trci.2016.11.003

Introduction There are few intervention studies that demonstrated linking social participation to lower risk of cognitive decline. We examined prospectively the protective effect of a community intervention program promoting social participation on the incidence of cognitive disability. Methods The baseline was established in a survey of community-dwelling older people aged 65 years old or more in July 2006 (2793 respondents, response rate 48.5%). The setting was Taketoyo town in Japan, where municipal authorities launched an intervention that was based on the establishment of community-based centers called “salons,” where the town’s senior residents could congregate and participate in social activities, ranging from arts and crafts, games, and interactive activities with preschool children. Three salons were established in May 2010, and a total of 10 salons were in operation by 2013. We recorded the frequency of salon participation among survey respondents till 2013 and conducted two follow-up surveys (in 2010 and 2013) to collect information about health status and behaviors. The onset of cognitive disability was followed from May 2007 to January 2014. We used the marginal structural models to evaluate the effect of program. Results The range of prevalence of cognitive disability was from 0.2% to 2.5% during the observation period. The proportion of respondents who participates to salons increased over time to about 11.7%. The frequency of salon participation was protectively associated with cognitive decline, even after adjusting for time-dependent covariates and attrition (odds ratio = 0.73, 95% confidence interval: 0.54–0.99). Discussion Our study suggests that operating community salons that encourage social interactions, light physical activity, and cognitive activities among older participants may be effective for preventing cognitive decline. In future studies, we need to understand what sorts of activities (e.g., those involving light physical activity vs. purely intellectual activities) are most effective in maintaining cognitive function.

Mifune, N.(三船恒裕), Simunovic, D., & Yamagishi, T.(山岸俊男) (2017).
Intergroup Biases in Fear-induced Aggression.
恐怖性攻撃行動における集団間バイアス
Frontiers in Psychology.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00049

Using a recently created preemptive strike game (PSG) with 176 participants, we investigated if the motivations of spite and/or fear promotes aggression that requires a small cost to the aggressor and imposes a larger cost on the opponent, and confirmed the earlier finding that fear does but spite does not promote intergroup aggression when the groups are characterized as minimal groups; additionally, the rate of intergroup aggression did not vary according to the group membership of the opponent. The PSG represents a situation in which both the motivations of spite and of fear can logically drive players to choose an option of aggression against an opponent. Participants decide whether or not to attack another participant, who also has the same capability. The decision is made in real time, using a computer. We discuss theoretical implications of our findings on the evolutionary foundations of intragroup cooperation and intergroup aggression. The evolutionary model of intergroup aggression, or the parochial altruism model, posits that intragroup cooperation and intergroup aggression have co-evolved, and thus it predicts both intragroup cooperation and intergroup aggression to emerge even in a minimal group devoid of a history of intergroup relationships. The finding that only intragroup cooperation but not intergroup aggression emerged in the minimal group experiments strongly suggests that intergroup aggression involves a psychological mechanism that is independent from that of intragroup cooperation. We further discuss the implications of these findings on real-world politics and military strategy.

Horita, Y. (堀田結孝), Takezawa, M. (竹澤正哲), Inukai, K.（犬飼佳吾）, Kita, T. (喜多敏正), & Masuda, N. (2017). 
Reinforcement learning accounts for moody conditional cooperation behavior: experimental results. 
強化学習は気分的条件付き協力行動を説明する：実験研究
Scientific Reports, 7, 39275.
doi:10.1038/srep39275

In social dilemma games, human participants often show conditional cooperation (CC) behavior or its variant called moody conditional cooperation (MCC), with which they basically tend to cooperate when many other peers have previously cooperated. Recent computational studies showed that CC and MCC behavioral patterns could be explained by reinforcement learning. In the present study, we use a repeated multiplayer prisoner’s dilemma game and the repeated public goods game played by human participants to examine whether MCC is observed across different types of game and the possibility that reinforcement learning explains observed behavior. We observed MCC behavior in both games, but the MCC that we observed was different from that observed in the past experiments. In the present study, whether or not a focal participant cooperated previously affected the overall level of cooperation, instead of changing the tendency of cooperation in response to cooperation of other participants in the previous time step. We found that, across different conditions, reinforcement learning models were approximately as accurate as a MCC model in describing the experimental results. Consistent with the previous computational studies, the present results suggest that reinforcement learning may be a major proximate mechanism governing MCC behavior.

Shibuya, A.（渋谷明子）, Teramoto, M.（寺本水羽）, & Shoun, A.（祥雲暁代） (2016).
Toward Individualistic Cooperative Play: A Systematic Analysis of Mobile Social Games in Japan.
日本のモバイルソーシャルゲームの社会的要素について系統的分析を行い、個人プレイだが、協力要素があるゲームが多い点などを指摘
In Dal Yong Jin (ed). Mobile Gaming in Asia: Politics, Culture and Emerging Technologies (Part of the series Mobile Communication in Asia: Local Insights, Global Implications). pp 207-225.
ISBN: 978-94-024-0824-9 (Print) 978-94-024-0826-3 (Online) 

This study examines the social features of the 31 most popular games in Japan’s rapidly expanding mobile social game market, as ranked through a survey of 2660 teenagers and young adults in November 2013. Results showed that all 31 games had at least one of the three social features, namely, connections to social networking services (SNSs), competition, and cooperation. In the games, SNS connections were present in 84 % of games, competition in 87 % of games, cooperation in 94 %. Among the cooperative features, individualistic cooperative play was more prevalent than team play. Keywords：Smartphones Social features Social games Systematic analysis Mobile device.

Machery, E., Stich, S., Rose, D., Chatterjee, A., 
Karasawa, K. (唐沢かおり), Struchiner, N., Sirker, S., Usui, N., & Hashimoto, T. (橋本剛明) (2015).
Gettier across cultures.
ゲティア問題の比較文化的検討
Noûs, 1-20.
doi: 10.1111/nous.12110

In this article, we present evidence that in four different cultural groups that speak quite different languages (Brazil, India, Japan, and the USA) there are cases of justified true beliefs that are not judged to be cases of knowledge. We hypothesize that this intuitive judgment, which we call “the Gettier intuition,” may be a reflection of an underlying innate and universal core folk epistemology, and we highlight the philosophical significance of its universality.

Kudo, D. (工藤大介), & Nagaya, K. (長谷和久). (2017).
Effects of Matching and Mismatching Messages on Purchase Avoidance Behavior following Major Disasters.
東日本大震災後の買い控え低減に向けたメッセージの一致効果・不一致効果の有効性
Psychology & Marketing, 34.

Following major disasters, purchase avoidance behavior toward products that are caused by stigma often results. For example, after the Tohoku Earthquake and Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster, consumers have avoided products from Fukushima. Attempts have been made to diminish this purchase avoidance behavior, but have been found to be ineffective. The reasons for ineffectiveness of strategies within this context were empirically examined based on matching and mismatching effects of messages. In two studies (Study 1, N = 113; Study 2, N = 364), the effects of affective messages and cognitive messages were compared, and the effectiveness of affective messages was found to be consistently weaker than that of cognitive messages. Message producers often present affective messages with the expectation of observing the matching effect. However, findings suggest that these presentation strategies will fail, and that the mismatching effect should be used instead. The best method of message presentation to reduce purchase avoidance behavior in a disaster area is discussed. 著者（工藤大介）HP: http://dicek.net/

Ozaki, Y. (尾崎由佳), Goto, T. (後藤崇志), Kobayashi, M. (小林麻衣), & Hofmann, W. (2017). 
Counteractive control over temptations: Promoting resistance through enhanced perception of conflict and goal value. 
誘惑に対する反作用的統制：葛藤と目標価値の知覚増幅による抵抗の促進
Self and Identity, 17.
doi:10.1080/15298868.2016.1269668

プレプリント：https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/hfhzv The present research explored people’s everyday practice of counteractive control. Experience sampling was used to test our prediction that strong temptations would promote self-control. Participants were 237 Japanese citizens with ages ranging from 18 to 69. Results indicated that perceived temptation prompted stronger resistance and restraint of behaviors, compared to those cases where no conflict was perceived. In addition, multilevel path analysis revealed the underlying process such that (a) a strong desire toward temptation intensified perception of conflict; (b) perceived conflict bolstered the value of goals that were in disagreement with the temptation; and (c) highly valued goals promoted self-control (i.e., stronger resistance and hence less yielding to temptation).

Fujii, T.（藤井貴之）, Schug, J.（ジョアンナ・シューグ）, Nishina, K.（仁科国之）, Takahashi, T., Okada, H., & Takagishi, H.（高岸治人）(2016).
Relationship between Salivary Oxytocin Levels and Generosity in Preschoolers.
未就学児における唾液中オキシトシンレベルと気前良さの関係
Scientific Reports, 6: 38662 
doi: 10.1038/srep38662

This study examined the association between salivary oxytocin (sOT) levels and generosity in preschoolers. Fifty preschoolers played two dictator games (DG) by deciding how to allocate 10 chocolates between themselves and another child, who was either from the same class as the participant (ingroup member), or an unknown child from another class (outgroup member). sOT levels were assessed in saliva collected from the children immediately prior to the DG tasks. While sOT levels were negatively associated with allocations made to both ingroup and outgroup members by boys, among girl sOT levels were positively related to allocations made to ingroup members, and unrelated to allocations made to outgroup members. These results suggest sex differences in the association between salivary oxytocin and generosity.

Toyokawa, W.（豊川航）, Saito, Y.（斎藤美松）, & Kameda, T.(亀田達也) (2016).
Individual differences in learning behaviours in humans: asocial exploration tendency does not predict reliance on social learning
（学習行動の個人差: 単独課題での探索傾向は、集団課題での社会情報利用を予測しない）
Evolution & Human Behavior.
doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.11.001

A number of empirical studies have suggested that individual differences in asocial exploration tendencies in animals may be related to those in social information use. However, because the ‘exploration tendency’ in most previous studies has been measured without considering the information-gathering processes, it is yet hard to conclude that the animal asocial exploration strategies may be tied to social information use. Here, we studied human learning behaviour in both asocial and social two-armed bandit tasks. By fitting reinforcement learning models including asocial and/or social decision processes, we measured each individual’s (1) asocial exploration tendency and (2) social information use. We found consistent individual differences in the exploration tendency in the asocial tasks. We also found substantive heterogeneity in the adopted learning strategies in the social task: Nearly one-third of participants used predominantly the copy-when-uncertain strategy, while the remaining two-thirds were most likely to have relied only on asocial learning. However, we found no significant individual association between the exploration frequency in the asocial task and the use of the social information in the social task. Our results suggest that the social learning strategies may be independent from the asocial exploration strategies in humans.

Kobayashi, T.(小林哲郎), Miura, A.(三浦麻子), & Inamasu, K.(稲増一憲) (2017). 
Media priming effect: A preregistered replication experiment. 
（メディアのプライミング効果：プレレジストレーションを伴う再現可能性検証実験）
Journal of Experimental Political Science, 4(1), 81-94.

Iyengar et al. (1984) discovered the media priming effect, positing that by drawing attention to certain issues while ignoring others, television news programs help define the standards by which presidents are evaluated. We conducted a direct replication of Experiment 1 by Iyengar et al. (1984), with some changes. Specifically, we (a) collected data from Japanese undergraduates; (b) reduced the number of conditions to two; (c) used news coverage of the issue of relocating US bases in Okinawa as the treatment; (d) measured issue-specific evaluations of the Japanese Prime Minister in the pretreatment questionnaire; and (e) performed statistical analyses that are more appropriate for testing heterogeneity in the treatment effect. We did not find statistically significant evidence of media priming. Overall, the results suggest that the effects of media priming may be quite sensitive either to the media environment or to differences in populations in which the effect has been examined. [Preregistration(OSF)] メディアのプライミング効果（メディアが報道するニュースは，議題設定機能を果たすだけでなく，受け手（一般市民）がどの政治的争点が重要かを判断するかを判断する際の基準の形成にも影響を与える）を実証した研究としてしばしば引用されるIyengar, Kinder, Peters, and Krosnick (1984)の実験1を追試したものです．結果はNullでした．