国際誌論文データベース

Hikichi, H. (引地博之), AIda, J., Kondo, K., Tsuboya, T., Matsuyama, Y., Suburamanian, S. V., & Kawachi, I. (2016).
Increased risk of dementia in the aftermath of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami
東日本大震災における被災経験と認知症リスクの関連
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1607793113.

No previous study has been able to examine the association by taking account of risk factors for dementia before and after the disaster. We prospectively examined whether experiences of a disaster were associated with cognitive decline in the aftermath of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. The baseline for our natural experiment was established in a survey of older community-dwelling adults who lived 80 km west of the epicenter 7 mo before the earthquake and tsunami. Approximately 2.5 y after the disaster, the follow-up survey gathered information about personal experiences of disaster as well as incidence of dementia from 3,594 survivors (82.1% follow-up rate). Our primary outcome was dementia diagnosis ascertained by in-home assessment during the follow-up period. Among our analytic sample (n = 3,566), 38.0% reported losing relatives or friends in the disaster, and 58.9% reported property damage. Fixed-effects regression indicated that major housing damage and home destroyed were associated with cognitive decline: regression coefficient for levels of dementia symptoms = 0.12, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.01 to 0.23 and coefficient = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.17 to 0.40, respectively. The effect size of destroyed home is comparable to the impact of incident stroke (coefficient = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.11 to 0.36). The association between housing damage and cognitive decline remained statistically significant in the instrumental variable analysis. Housing damage appears to be an important risk factor for cognitive decline among older survivors in natural disasters.

Oshio, A.(小塩真司), Mieda, T., Taku, K. (2016)
 Younger people, and stronger effects of all-or-nothing thoughts on aggression: 
 Moderating effects of age on the relationships between dichotomous thinking and aggression.
 二分法的思考と攻撃性の関係を年齢が仲介する（若年ほど効果が強い）
 Cogent Psychology, 3(1).
 doi: 10.1080/23311908.2016.1244874

Binary or dichotomous thinking may lead to aggression throughout people’s lifespan; additionally, relationships are likely to be affected by types of aggression (i.e. physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger, and hostility) as well as gender and age. Using large-scale data (N = 2,315), the current study tested if age or gender moderated dichotomous thinking’s correlation with four different types of aggression. Participants (Mage = 36.1, SD = 16.2, range = 18–69) completed the Dichotomous Thinking Inventory and the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire. Dichotomous thinking differentially affected aggression depending on participants’ age: dichotomous thinking and aggression were more strongly correlated in younger participants. Individuals’ tendency to think dichotomously appeared relatively stable; however, age appeared to moderate dichotomous thinking’s effects.

Ishii, K. (石井健一)　(2017).
 Online communication with strong ties and subjective well-being in Japan.
 日本人の幸福感と強い紐帯とのオンラインコミュニケーション
 Computers in Human Behavior, 66, 129–137.
 doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.09.033

Recent developments in communication technologies have changed how people connect and interact with each other. This study investigates whether and how online communication with strong ties (mobile phone and social networking service [SNS]) enhances subjective well-being in Japan. Study 1 examined whether the correlation between happiness and mobile phone use was mediated by the number of offline and online friends. Study 2 assessed the associations between the Japanese relationship-oriented value “interdependent self-view,” life satisfaction, and the use of SNS. Results indicate that only the use of LINE (an instant messaging application), which is the most popular SNS in Japan, was significantly correlated with life satisfaction and interdependent self-view. The number of friends (offline and online) mediated the effect of LINE use on life satisfaction. Interdependent self-view was significantly correlated with the frequency of LINE use, homogeneity of LINE friends, and life satisfaction. These results indicate that the use of a dominant online communication method with strong ties is significantly correlated with subjective well-being, and this significant correlation is mediated by the number of offline and online friends.

Niiya, Y.（新谷優） (2016). 
Does a favor request increase liking toward the requester?
頼み事をされるとその人への好意は増すか？
Journal of Social Psychology, 156(2), 211-221.
doi: 10.1080/00224545.2015.1095706

Although a request for help can impose a burden on the provider and has the potential of harming a relationship, the theory of amae suggests that in fact it could help promote a stronger relationship. In an experiment, both Japanese and American participants who were asked for help from a confederate increased their liking of the confederate relative to the baseline. Sociable impression of the confederate and perceived closeness of the relationship also increased relative to the baseline. There was, however, no such increase when participants helped the confederate without receiving a direct request. This study suggests that despite the potential risks to relationships, asking favors can provide opportunities for requesters to build and promote relationships.

Ogihara, Y. (荻原祐二). (2016). 
The Change in Self-Esteem among Middle School Students in Japan, 1989-2002. 
1989年から2002年の日本の中学生における自尊感情の経時的変化 
Psychology, 7, 1343-1351. 
doi: 10.4236/psych.2016.711136

This paper examined temporal changes in self-esteem among middle school students in Japan from 1989 to 2002. Previous research showed that self-esteem decreased among middle school students between 1999 and 2006. However, it was unclear whether such a decrease was also present in other periods of time. To obtain a better understanding of how people adapt to socio-economic environments, it is important to gain a more comprehensive view of such long-term cultural/social changes. Therefore, to supplement the findings of the existing research on changes in self-esteem, we analyzed large-sample time-series data collected in Japan in 1989 and 2002. We found that middle schoolers’ self-esteem decreased from 1989 to 2002, consistent with previous research. Thus, our study extends the previous research by presenting additional data showing the decrease in self-esteem in Japan.

関連論文(Previous research)：Ogihara, Uchida, & Kusumi (2016)

Matsumoto, Y.(松本良恵), Yamagishi, T.(山岸俊男), Li, Y.(李楊), & Kiyonari, T.(清成透子) (2016).
Prosocial Behavior Increases with Age across Five Economic Games.
（向社会的行動は年齢と共に増加する：5つの経済ゲームによる検討）
PLoS ONE. 
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158671

Ontogenic studies of human prosociality generally agree on that human prosociality increases from early childhood through early adulthood; however, it has not been established if prosociality increases beyond early adulthood. We examined a sample of 408 non-student residents from Tokyo, Japan, who were evenly distributed across age (20–59) and sex. Participants played five economic games each separated by a few months. We demonstrated that prosocial behavior increased with age beyond early adulthood and this effect was shown across all five economic games. A similar, but weaker, age-related trend was found in one of three social value orientation measures of prosocial preferences. We measured participants’ belief that manipulating others is a wise strategy for social success, and found that this belief declined with age. Participants’ satisfaction with the unilateral exploitation outcome of the prisoner’s dilemma games also declined with age. These two factors—satisfaction with the DC outcome in the prisoner’s dilemma games and belief in manipulation—mediated the age effect on both attitudinal and behavioral prosociality. Participants’ age-related socio-demographic traits such as marriage, having children, and owning a house weakly mediated the age effect on prosociality through their relationships with satisfaction with the DC outcome and belief in manipulation.

Yamagishi, T.(山岸俊男), Li, Y.(李楊), Matsumoto, Y.(松本良恵), Kiyonari, T.(清成透子) (2016)
Moral Bargain Hunters Purchase Moral Righteousness When it is Cheap: Within-Individual Effect of Stake Size in Economic Games.
（モラルバーゲンハンターはモラルの正しさを購買する．ただし，安ければ：経済ゲームにおける個人内ステイクサイズの効果）
Scientific Reports, 6: 27824.
doi: 10.1038/srep27824

Despite the repeatedly raised criticism that findings in economic games are specific to situations involving trivial incentives, most studies that have examined the stake-size effect have failed to find a strong effect. Using three prisoner’s dilemma experiments, involving 479 non-student residents of suburban Tokyo and 162 students, we show here that stake size strongly affects a player’s cooperation choices in prisoner’s dilemma games when stake size is manipulated within each individual such that each player faces different stake sizes. Participants cooperated at a higher rate when stakes were lower than when they were higher, regardless of the absolute stake size. These findings suggest that participants were ‘moral bargain hunters’ who purchased moral righteousness at a low price when they were provided with a ‘price list’ of prosocial behaviours. In addition, the moral bargain hunters who cooperated at a lower stake but not at a higher stake did not cooperate in a single-stake one-shot game. 玉川大学プレスリリース

Miura, A.(三浦麻子), & Kobayashi, T.(小林哲郎) (2016).
Survey satisficing inflates stereotypical responses in online experiment: The case of immigration study.
オンライン調査に際する「努力の最小限化」は心理学研究の結果を歪める：自国民と他国民のイメージ評価を用いた実験的研究
Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1563.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01563

Though survey satisficing, grudging cognitive efforts required to provide optimal answers in the survey response process, poses a serious threat to the validity of online experiments, a detailed explanation of the mechanism has yet to be established. Focusing on attitudes toward immigrants, we examined the mechanism by which survey satisficing distorts treatment effect estimates in online experiments. We hypothesized that satisficers would display more stereotypical responses than non-satisficers would when presented with stereotype-disconfirming information about an immigrant. Results of two experiments largely supported our hypotheses. Satisficers, whom we identified through an instructional manipulation check (IMC), processed information about immigrants’ personality traits congruently with the stereotype activated by information provided about nationality. The significantly shorter vignette reading time of satisficers corroborates their time-efficient impression formation based on stereotyping. However, the shallow information processing of satisficers can be rectified by alerting them to their inattentiveness through use of a repeated IMC. オンライン調査に回答する際に協力者が応分の注意資源を割こうとしない行動（努力の最小限化；Satisfice）が心理学の研究結果に及ぼす影響について検討しました。調査冒頭で努力の最小限化をした協力者は、事後の人物イメージ評価において、その人が他国民の場合は、その人の性格に関する情報よりも、その人の国籍に応じたステレオタイプにひきずられた回答をする傾向がありました。しかし、こうした傾向は、努力の最小限化に警告を与え、回答者の行動を修正することである程度解消されることがわかりました。

Kawamoto, T. (川本 大史), Ura, M. (浦 光博), & Hiraki, K. (2017). 
Curious people are less affected by social rejection. 
好奇心旺盛な人は拒絶の影響を受けにくい 
Personality and Individual Differences, 105, 264-267. 
doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.006

Recent studies have revealed that curiosity—seeking new information and experiences—can improve psychological and social functioning. However, the social nature of curiosity remains poorly understood. We tested whether curious people show better psychological adaptation because (1) they have less rejection sensitivity, and (2) they are less susceptible to daily social rejection experiences. These two hypotheses were supported by a cross-sectional study (N = 500, 20–39 years old). We found that rejection sensitivity partially mediates the relationship between curiosity and psychological adaptation (life satisfaction and depression). Furthermore, curiosity moderated the relationships between perceived daily social rejection experiences and life satisfaction: Curious people are buffered against such aversive effects, relative to less curious people. Our findings suggest one possible explanation for why curious people experience better psychological functioning: They appear to be less affected by social rejection. 

Suzuki, T.（鈴木貴久）, Kobayashi, T.（小林哲郎）, & Boase, J. (2016).
Political Conversations as Civic Engagement: Examining Patterns from Mobile Communication Logs in Japan.
市民参加としての政治的会話：日本のモバイルコミュニケーションログパターンの検証
Mobile Media, Political Participation, and Civic Activism in Asia, Part of the series Mobile Communication in Asia: Local Insights, Global Implications, pp 57-79.
doi: 10.1007/978-94-024-0917-8_4

Political conversation is regarded as an important form of political participation and civic engagement. Although significant differences have been found in the level of political conversation between countries, studies on political conversation in Japan are scarce. In this study, we investigated political conversation between people, considering the kinds of dyads in personal networks in Japan and how partners are selected. We pursued an exploratory analysis of the features of dyads in political conversation through mobile communication logs, comparing those in Japan and the US. For both countries, the results show that discussion of important topics and the number of voice calls in the afternoon was significant predictors of political conversations. In Japan, discussing with other people and family were more significant predictors than for the US. These results may have important implications for clarifying the extent to which political conversations take place, with whom, and how they occur as a by-product of other topics.