日本の社会心理学者たちは，活発な研究活動を展開・公表しており，その成果は日本語による論文であれば例えば日本社会心理学会の機関誌である「社会心理学研究」等の学会誌に掲載され，また学術書として公刊されています．一方，当然のことながら学問に国境はなく，特に近年では国際的な論文誌や書籍にその成果が掲載されることも増えてきました．しかし，こうした国際的成果をくまなく知ることは，あまりにそのフィールドが広いためにあまり容易ではありませんでした．
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Ogihara et al. (2016)
Ogihara, Y. (荻原祐二), Uchida, Y. (内田由紀子), & Kusumi, T. (楠見孝) (2016). Losing confidence over time: Temporal changes in self-esteem among older children and early adolescents in Japan, 1999-2006. 自信の経時的な低下：1999年から2006年の日本の小学生・中学生における自尊感情の経時的変化 SAGE Open, 6(3), 1-8.
We examined temporal changes in self-esteem among elementary and middle school students in Japan. Previous research has shown that self-esteem decreased among various sectors of the population, from middle school students to adults between 1984 and 2010 in Japan. However, it was unclear whether such temporal changes are also present at earlier stages of development (e.g., in elementary school) and in individual subgroups (e.g., each gender and developmental stage). Identifying such boundary conditions of temporal change will contribute to a better understanding of how cultures change over time. We analyzed representative and large-sample time-series data collected by the Japanese government in 1999 and 2006. Results showed that self-esteem decreased among elementary and middle school students regardless of gender and developmental stage. We suggest that from an early stage of development and among a broad range of the population in Japan, people’s general self-evaluations became more negative between 1999 and 2006.
関連論文： Ogihara (2016)
Eom, K. (2016)
Eom, K., Kim, H. S., Sherman, D. K., & Ishii, K. (石井敬子) (2016). Cultural variability in the link between environmental concern and support for environmental action. 環境への配慮と環境にやさしい行動との関係が文化で異なる Psychological Science. doi: 10.1177/0956797616660078Research on sustainability behaviors has been based on the assumption that increasing personal concerns about the environment will increase proenvironmental action. We tested whether this assumption is more applicable to individualistic cultures than to collectivistic cultures. In Study 1, we compared 47 countries (N = 57,268) and found that they varied considerably in the degree to which environmental concern predicted support for proenvironmental action. National-level individualism explained the between-nation variability above and beyond the effects of other cultural values and independently of person-level individualism. In Study 2, we compared individualistic and collectivistic nations (United States vs. Japan; N = 251) and found culture-specific predictors of proenvironmental behavior. Environmental concern predicted environmentally friendly consumer choice among European Americans but not Japanese. For Japanese participants, perceived norms about environmental behavior predicted proenvironmental decision making. Facilitating sustainability across nations requires an understanding of how culture determines which psychological factors drive human action.
Takagishi et al. (2016)
Takagishi, H. (高岸治人), Fujii, T. (藤井貴之), Nishina, K. (仁科国之), Okada, H. (2016). Fear of Negative Evaluation Moderates the Effect of Subliminal Fear Priming on Rejection of Unfair Offers in the Ultimatum Game. 評価不安は不公平提案の拒否における閾下恐怖プライミング効果を調節する Scientific Reports, 6, 31446. doi:10.1038/srep31446The purpose of this study was to examine whether the tendency to fear negative evaluation moderates the effect of fear emotion on the rejection of unfair offers in the ultimatum game (UG). A photograph of a fearful face or landscape was displayed subliminally (i.e., for 10 ms) before the proposer’s offer in the UG was presented to participants. We used the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (FNES) to measure participants’ anxiety regarding negative evaluations from others. Results showed a significant interaction between FNES and condition (fearful face vs. landscape) in relation to the rejection of an unfair offer. Furthermore, the mean rejection rate of an unfair offer was significantly higher in the fearful face condition relative to that in the landscape condition among participants whose FNES scores were higher than the median; however, this difference was not observed in participants whose FNES scores were lower than the median. These results suggest that fear of negative evaluation moderates the effect of subliminal fear priming on the rejection of unfair offers in the UG, and that negative emotion induced by unconscious stimuli enhances rejection of these unfair offers.
Sugiura et al. (2017)
Sugiura, H.（杉浦仁美）, Mifune, N. (三船恒裕）, Tusboi, S.（坪井翔）, & Yokota, K. （横田晋大） (2017) Gender differences in intergroup conflict: The effect of outgroup threat priming on social dominance orientation. （集団間葛藤における性差：外集団脅威プライミングが社会的支配志向に及ぼす効果） Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 262–265. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.08.013
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of outgroup threat priming on social dominance orientation (SDO). Evolutionary psychologists have proposed the adaptive psychological mechanism to intergroup conflict is specific to males. We predicted that the mechanism would function as enhancement of an orientation concerning hierarchical group relations by cueing outgroup threat. We hypothesized that male participants would demonstrate a higher level of SDO than females by outgroup threat priming in a laboratory experiment. One hundred sixty-seven undergraduate students participated in the experiment that measured SDO after an outgroup priming task. Consistent with our hypothesis, results showed that males had a higher level of SDO than females by cue of outgroup threat, while females did not reveal any significant effects of the outgroup threat cue on SDO.
Murayama, & Miura (2016)
Murayama, A. (村山綾), & Miura, A. (三浦麻子) (2016). Two Types of Justice Reasoning About Good Fortune and Misfortune: A Replication and Beyond. 幸運・不運に対する2種類の公正推論 Social Justice Research, First Online: 04 August 2016. doi:10.1007/s11211-016-0269-7While research into justice reasoning has progressed extensively, the findings and implications have been mainly limited to Western cultures. This study investigated the relationship between immanent and ultimate justice reasoning about others’ misfortune and good fortune in Japanese participants. The effects of goal focus and religiosity, which previously have been found to foster justice reasoning, were also tested. Participants were randomly assigned to one condition of a 2 (goal focus: long term or short term) × 2 (target person’s moral value: respected or thief) × 2 (type of luck: misfortune or good fortune) design. For immanent justice reasoning, the results revealed that a “bad” person’s misfortune was attributed to their past misdeeds, while a “good” person’s good fortune was attributed to their past good deeds. Regarding ultimate justice reasoning, it was found that a good person’s misfortune was connected more to future compensation than their good fortune, whereas a bad person’s misfortune was not reasoned about using ultimate justice. There was no significant effect of religiosity or goal focus on justice reasoning, which is inconsistent with the findings of previous studies. The necessity of directly examining cultural differences is discussed in relation to extending and strengthening the theory of justice reasoning. 2種類の公正推論を促進させると言われる、宗教性や長期目標への焦点化は、日本人を対象とした検討では効果がみられなかったものの、道徳的価値の低い人物の不運は内在的公正推論が行われ、道徳的価値の高い人物の不運は究極的公正推論が行われるという傾向は先行研究と一貫していたという内容です。また、このような先行研究の再現性の検討に加えて、幸運に対する公正推論についても新たに検討しました。
Asano et al. (2016)
Asano, R. (浅野良輔), Ito, K., & Yoshida, T. (吉田俊和) (2016). Shared relationship efficacy of dyad can increase life satisfaction in close relationships: Multilevel study. 親密な関係における共有された関係効力性は人生満足度を高める PLoS ONE, 11 (7), e0159822. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159822Characteristics of relationship itself play an important role in determining well-being of individuals who participate in the relationship. We used efficacy expectations mutually shared between close friends or romantic partners as a characteristic of relationship and investigated its impact on their life satisfaction. In Study 1, we conducted a cross-sectional study among 137 pairs of close same-sex friends to test whether the efficacy expectations shared between friends are associated with levels of life satisfaction. In Study 2, we conducted a longitudinal study among 114 heterosexual romantic couples to test predictive validity of the efficacy expectations shared between couples predict levels of life satisfaction 2 month later. In both studies we found a consistent result that as degrees of the efficacy expectations shared between individuals in a relationship increased, the degree of their life satisfaction also increased. Underlying mechanisms that explain how characteristics of relationship itself increase life satisfaction are discussed.
Tanaka, Ohtsuki, & Ohtsubo (2016)
Tanaka, H.（田中大貴）, Ohtsuki, H., & Ohtsubo, Y.（大坪庸介） (2016). The price of being seen to be just: An intention signalling strategy for indirect reciprocity. 正当と見なされるためのコスト：間接互恵性状況での意図シグナル戦略 Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 20160694. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0694Cooperation among strangers is a marked characteristic of human sociality. One prominent evolutionary explanation for this form of human cooperation is indirect reciprocity, whereby each individual selectively helps people with a ‘good’, but not ‘bad’ reputation. Some evolutionary analyses have underscored the importance of second-order reputation information (the reputation of a current partner’s previous partner) for indirect reciprocity as it allows players to discriminate justified ‘good’ defectors, who selectively deny giving help to ‘bad’ partners, from unjustified ‘bad’ defectors. Nevertheless, it is not clearwhether people in fact make use of second-order information in indirect reciprocity settings. As an alternative, we propose the intention signalling strategy, whereby defectors are given the option to abandon a resource as a means of expunging their ‘bad’ reputation. Our model deviates from traditional modelling approaches in the indirect reciprocity literature in a crucial way—we show that first-order information is sufficient to maintain cooperation if players are given an option to signal their intention. Importantly, our model is robust against invasion by both unconditionally cooperative and uncooperative strategies, a first step towards demonstrating its viability as an evolutionarily stable strategy. Furthermore, in two behavioural experiments, when participants were given the option to abandon a resource so as to mend a tarnished reputation, participants not only spontaneously began to use this option, they also interpreted others’ use of this option as a signal of cooperative intent. （間接互恵状況での評判について再検討した研究です。これまでの間接互恵性研究では、非協力者への協力を拒むという正当な理由に基づく非協力を、正当なものかどうか判断するのは観察者の役割とされてきました。しかし、それでは観察者は多くの情報を利用してひとりの非協力者の行為が正当かどうかを判断せねばならず、実験をすると必ずしもそのような複雑な判断がなされていないということがわかっていました。そこで、本研究では、非協力した人自身に自分の意図をシグナルする機会を与えることで間接互恵性の評判がうまく機能することをモデルの分析で示し、その後、実験で人々が意図シグナル戦略を用いることを示しました。）
Ezaki et al. (2016)
Ezaki, T., Horita, Y. (堀田結孝), Takezawa, M. (竹澤正哲), & Masuda, N. (2016). Reinforcement Learning Explains Conditional Cooperation and Its Moody Cousin. 強化学習によって条件付き協力とその気まぐれないとこを説明する Plos Computational Biology, 12(7), e1005034.
Direct reciprocity, or repeated interaction, is a main mechanism to sustain cooperation under social dilemmas involving two individuals. For larger groups and networks, which are probably more relevant to understanding and engineering our society, experiments employing repeated multiplayer social dilemma games have suggested that humans often show conditional cooperation behavior and its moody variant. Mechanisms underlying these behaviors largely remain unclear. Here we provide a proximate account for this behavior by showing that individuals adopting a type of reinforcement learning, called aspiration learning, phenomenologically behave as conditional cooperator. By definition, individuals are satisfied if and only if the obtained payoff is larger than a fixed aspiration level. They reinforce actions that have resulted in satisfactory outcomes and anti-reinforce those yielding unsatisfactory outcomes. The results obtained in the present study are general in that they explain extant experimental results obtained for both so-called moody and non-moody conditional cooperation, prisoner’s dilemma and public goods games, and well-mixed groups and networks. Different from the previous theory, individuals are assumed to have no access to information about what other individuals are doing such that they cannot explicitly use conditional cooperation rules. In this sense, myopic aspiration learning in which the unconditional propensity of cooperation is modulated in every discrete time step explains conditional behavior of humans. Aspiration learners showing (moody) conditional cooperation obeyed a noisy GRIM-like strategy. This is different from the Pavlov, a reinforcement learning strategy promoting mutual cooperation in two-player situations.
LeClair et al. (2016)
LeClair, J., Sasaki, J. Y., Ishii, K. (石井敬子), Shinada, M. (品田瑞穂), Kim, H. S. (2016). Gene–culture interaction: influence of culture and oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) polymorphism on loneliness. 遺伝子と文化の相互作用：文化とオキシトシン受容体遺伝子の多相性が孤独感に及ぼす影響 Culture and Brain, 1-17.
Previous research has shown that culture and genes can interact to influence social behaviors. Variation of the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) rs53576 polymorphism has been linked to differential susceptibility to cultural influences with genetically susceptible individuals showing more culturally typical behaviors. The present research focuses on a psychological outcome of such behaviors, specifically loneliness, which is an outcome related to well-being. We also considered attachment style as a mediator for the interaction between culture and OXTR genetic variation on loneliness. Previous gene–culture interaction research shows that G-allele carriers may be genetically predisposed to show more culturally typical behaviors and psychological tendencies, compared to A-allele carriers. Thus, we expected that genetically susceptible Japanese would show a more avoidant attachment style (a pattern more common in Japan), while susceptible Americans would show a more secure attachment style (a pattern more common in the U.S.). In both cultures, we expected that greater avoidant relationship tendencies would predict greater loneliness. Participants (217 American and 153 Japanese students) completed scales to measure loneliness and attachment style, and provided saliva for genotyping. As predicted, culture moderated the link between genetic susceptibility and loneliness, with G-allele Americans showing less loneliness than A-allele carriers. Further, the link was mediated by attachment style. Our study extends existing research by showing that gene–culture interactions on relationship patterns have consequences for psychological well-being outcomes.
Tabuchi, & Miura (2016)
Tabuchi, M.（田渕恵）, & Miura, A. （三浦麻子） (2016). Intergenerational Interactions when Transmitting Wisdom from Older to Younger Generations. 高齢者から若者への知恵の伝達における世代間相互作用 Educational Gerontology. doi: 10.1080/03601277.2016.1205392
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of young people’s reactions on changes in older people’s generativity when wisdom is transmitted to the younger people. Participants included 48 male adults aged 63–77 years. Each participant was assigned to either the “wisdom from experiences of failure” or the “wisdom from experiences of success” condition. Participants expressed narratives to younger “listeners” or recipients, who were confederates and were instructed to respond either empathetically or neutrally. Results showed that only in the “wisdom from experiences of failure” condition, generativity was promoted when young recipients responded in an empathic manner and decreased when the young recipients responded in a neutral manner. Based on these results, the differential effects of responses from younger individuals to older persons’ transmission of stories about negative experiences are discussed.