日本の社会心理学者たちは，活発な研究活動を展開・公表しており，その成果は日本語による論文であれば例えば日本社会心理学会の機関誌である「社会心理学研究」等の学会誌に掲載され，また学術書として公刊されています．一方，当然のことながら学問に国境はなく，特に近年では国際的な論文誌や書籍にその成果が掲載されることも増えてきました．しかし，こうした国際的成果をくまなく知ることは，あまりにそのフィールドが広いためにあまり容易ではありませんでした．
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Asano et al. (2016)
Asano, R. (浅野良輔), Ito, K., & Yoshida, T. (吉田俊和) (2016). Shared relationship efficacy of dyad can increase life satisfaction in close relationships: Multilevel study. 親密な関係における共有された関係効力性は人生満足度を高める PLoS ONE, 11 (7), e0159822. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159822Characteristics of relationship itself play an important role in determining well-being of individuals who participate in the relationship. We used efficacy expectations mutually shared between close friends or romantic partners as a characteristic of relationship and investigated its impact on their life satisfaction. In Study 1, we conducted a cross-sectional study among 137 pairs of close same-sex friends to test whether the efficacy expectations shared between friends are associated with levels of life satisfaction. In Study 2, we conducted a longitudinal study among 114 heterosexual romantic couples to test predictive validity of the efficacy expectations shared between couples predict levels of life satisfaction 2 month later. In both studies we found a consistent result that as degrees of the efficacy expectations shared between individuals in a relationship increased, the degree of their life satisfaction also increased. Underlying mechanisms that explain how characteristics of relationship itself increase life satisfaction are discussed.
Tanaka, Ohtsuki, & Ohtsubo (2016)
Tanaka, H.（田中大貴）, Ohtsuki, H., & Ohtsubo, Y.（大坪庸介） (2016). The price of being seen to be just: An intention signalling strategy for indirect reciprocity. 正当と見なされるためのコスト：間接互恵性状況での意図シグナル戦略 Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 20160694. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0694Cooperation among strangers is a marked characteristic of human sociality. One prominent evolutionary explanation for this form of human cooperation is indirect reciprocity, whereby each individual selectively helps people with a ‘good’, but not ‘bad’ reputation. Some evolutionary analyses have underscored the importance of second-order reputation information (the reputation of a current partner’s previous partner) for indirect reciprocity as it allows players to discriminate justified ‘good’ defectors, who selectively deny giving help to ‘bad’ partners, from unjustified ‘bad’ defectors. Nevertheless, it is not clearwhether people in fact make use of second-order information in indirect reciprocity settings. As an alternative, we propose the intention signalling strategy, whereby defectors are given the option to abandon a resource as a means of expunging their ‘bad’ reputation. Our model deviates from traditional modelling approaches in the indirect reciprocity literature in a crucial way—we show that first-order information is sufficient to maintain cooperation if players are given an option to signal their intention. Importantly, our model is robust against invasion by both unconditionally cooperative and uncooperative strategies, a first step towards demonstrating its viability as an evolutionarily stable strategy. Furthermore, in two behavioural experiments, when participants were given the option to abandon a resource so as to mend a tarnished reputation, participants not only spontaneously began to use this option, they also interpreted others’ use of this option as a signal of cooperative intent. （間接互恵状況での評判について再検討した研究です。これまでの間接互恵性研究では、非協力者への協力を拒むという正当な理由に基づく非協力を、正当なものかどうか判断するのは観察者の役割とされてきました。しかし、それでは観察者は多くの情報を利用してひとりの非協力者の行為が正当かどうかを判断せねばならず、実験をすると必ずしもそのような複雑な判断がなされていないということがわかっていました。そこで、本研究では、非協力した人自身に自分の意図をシグナルする機会を与えることで間接互恵性の評判がうまく機能することをモデルの分析で示し、その後、実験で人々が意図シグナル戦略を用いることを示しました。）
Ezaki et al. (2016)
Ezaki, T., Horita, Y. (堀田結孝), Takezawa, M. (竹澤正哲), & Masuda, N. (2016). Reinforcement Learning Explains Conditional Cooperation and Its Moody Cousin. 強化学習によって条件付き協力とその気まぐれないとこを説明する Plos Computational Biology, 12(7), e1005034.
Direct reciprocity, or repeated interaction, is a main mechanism to sustain cooperation under social dilemmas involving two individuals. For larger groups and networks, which are probably more relevant to understanding and engineering our society, experiments employing repeated multiplayer social dilemma games have suggested that humans often show conditional cooperation behavior and its moody variant. Mechanisms underlying these behaviors largely remain unclear. Here we provide a proximate account for this behavior by showing that individuals adopting a type of reinforcement learning, called aspiration learning, phenomenologically behave as conditional cooperator. By definition, individuals are satisfied if and only if the obtained payoff is larger than a fixed aspiration level. They reinforce actions that have resulted in satisfactory outcomes and anti-reinforce those yielding unsatisfactory outcomes. The results obtained in the present study are general in that they explain extant experimental results obtained for both so-called moody and non-moody conditional cooperation, prisoner’s dilemma and public goods games, and well-mixed groups and networks. Different from the previous theory, individuals are assumed to have no access to information about what other individuals are doing such that they cannot explicitly use conditional cooperation rules. In this sense, myopic aspiration learning in which the unconditional propensity of cooperation is modulated in every discrete time step explains conditional behavior of humans. Aspiration learners showing (moody) conditional cooperation obeyed a noisy GRIM-like strategy. This is different from the Pavlov, a reinforcement learning strategy promoting mutual cooperation in two-player situations.
LeClair et al. (2016)
LeClair, J., Sasaki, J. Y., Ishii, K. (石井敬子), Shinada, M. (品田瑞穂), Kim, H. S. (2016). Gene–culture interaction: influence of culture and oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) polymorphism on loneliness. 遺伝子と文化の相互作用：文化とオキシトシン受容体遺伝子の多相性が孤独感に及ぼす影響 Culture and Brain, 1-17.
Previous research has shown that culture and genes can interact to influence social behaviors. Variation of the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) rs53576 polymorphism has been linked to differential susceptibility to cultural influences with genetically susceptible individuals showing more culturally typical behaviors. The present research focuses on a psychological outcome of such behaviors, specifically loneliness, which is an outcome related to well-being. We also considered attachment style as a mediator for the interaction between culture and OXTR genetic variation on loneliness. Previous gene–culture interaction research shows that G-allele carriers may be genetically predisposed to show more culturally typical behaviors and psychological tendencies, compared to A-allele carriers. Thus, we expected that genetically susceptible Japanese would show a more avoidant attachment style (a pattern more common in Japan), while susceptible Americans would show a more secure attachment style (a pattern more common in the U.S.). In both cultures, we expected that greater avoidant relationship tendencies would predict greater loneliness. Participants (217 American and 153 Japanese students) completed scales to measure loneliness and attachment style, and provided saliva for genotyping. As predicted, culture moderated the link between genetic susceptibility and loneliness, with G-allele Americans showing less loneliness than A-allele carriers. Further, the link was mediated by attachment style. Our study extends existing research by showing that gene–culture interactions on relationship patterns have consequences for psychological well-being outcomes.
Tabuchi, & Miura (2016)
Tabuchi, M.（田渕恵）, & Miura, A. （三浦麻子） (2016). Intergenerational Interactions when Transmitting Wisdom from Older to Younger Generations. 高齢者から若者への知恵の伝達における世代間相互作用 Educational Gerontology. doi: 10.1080/03601277.2016.1205392
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of young people’s reactions on changes in older people’s generativity when wisdom is transmitted to the younger people. Participants included 48 male adults aged 63–77 years. Each participant was assigned to either the “wisdom from experiences of failure” or the “wisdom from experiences of success” condition. Participants expressed narratives to younger “listeners” or recipients, who were confederates and were instructed to respond either empathetically or neutrally. Results showed that only in the “wisdom from experiences of failure” condition, generativity was promoted when young recipients responded in an empathic manner and decreased when the young recipients responded in a neutral manner. Based on these results, the differential effects of responses from younger individuals to older persons’ transmission of stories about negative experiences are discussed.
Otsubo, & Tamada (2016)
Otsubo, Y. （大坪庸介）, & Tamada, S. (2016). Social attention promotes partner intimacy. 社会的注意はパートナーとの親密性を促進する Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science, 7(1), 21-24. doi: 10.5178/lebs.2016.45
Social animals develop intimate bonds with their social partners. However, bond formation entails the risk of being exploited by partners. Previous studies have shown that people monitor partner attention to themselves to assess commitment to the relationship. Accordingly, a partner’s social attention promotes the receiver’s intimacy with the partner. This study expanded previous finding by manipulating partner attention in a naturalistic manner. In particular, naïve participants were assigned to one of two roles (i.e., signal Sender and Receiver) in the laboratory. Receiver first wrote a self-instruction essay, and Sender read it under either of two instructions: to pay close attention to the content of the essay (the high attention condition) or to some peripheral aspects of the essay (the low attention condition). After reading the essay, Sender’s memory of the essay was assessed. Naturally, Sender recalled it more accurately in the high attention condition. Knowing Sender’s accuracy, Receiver reported a sense of intimacy toward Sender. Receiver’s intimacy was higher in the high attention condition than in the low attention condition. Therefore, this study confirmed that paying attention to a partner, which translates to accurate understanding of the partner, promotes the intimacy in the partner.
Fujii et al. (2016)
Fujii, T.(藤井貴之）, Goto, A.（後藤晶）, & Takagishi, H.（高岸治人） (2016). Does facial width-to-height ratio predict Japanese professional football players’ athletic performance? 顔の幅と高さの比率は日本人プロサッカー選手の競技成績を予測するか？ Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science, 7(1), 37-40. doi: 10.5178/lebs.2016.49
A number of studies have shown that facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR)—the distance between the two zygomatic arches (width) compared with the distance from the top of the lip to the bottom of the eyebrows (height)—is related to aggression and is reflective of testosterone levels. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between fWHR and the athletic performance of Japanese professional football players. Photographs of 343 Japanese professional football players were measured for fWHR and compared with the number of goals scored and penalty cards (yellow and red) acquired in the 2012 season. The results showed that fWHR was not associated with the number of goals scored in any football position. However, the number of penalty cards acquired was positively associated with fWHR only in the forward offensive position. These findings showed that fWHR is not related to goals scored by Japanese football players, but is related to the penalty cards acquired in the offensive domain.
Ogihara (2016)
Ogihara, Y.（荻原祐二） (2016). Age Differences in Self-Liking in Japan: The Developmental Trajectory of Self-Esteem from Elementary School to Old Age. 日本における自己好意の年齢差：小学生から高齢者における自尊感情の発達的軌跡の検討 Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science, 7(1), 33-36. doi: 10.5178/lebs.2016.48
The present research examined age differences in self-liking (an important component of self-esteem) across a broad range of the population in Japan, from elementary school students to the elderly. Previous research in the U.S. has shown that self-esteem levels in childhood are high, decline during adolescence, rise gradually in adulthood and drop in old age. However, it was unclear whether this pattern holds for other cultures. As self-esteem is significantly affected by culture, it is important to reveal its developmental trajectory not only in European American cultures, but also in other cultures. Therefore, the current research analyzed a large, highly representative cross-sectional dataset from Japan. Results showed that levels of self-liking were high for elementary school students, declined among middle school and high school students, and rose gradually among adults, replicating the developmental trajectory of self-esteem found in prior research.
Hiraishi et al. (2016)
Hiraishi, K.（平石界）, Murasaki, K., Okuda, H., & Yamate, M. (2016). Sexual and Romantic Overperception among a Japanese young sample: A Replication of Haselton (2003) 男は好意を過剰評価する（Haselton, 2003）の直接的追試 Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science, 7(1), 29-32. doi: 10.5178/lebs.2016.47
Based on Error Management Theory, Haselton (2003) argued that men would have a cognitive bias to overperceive sexual interests in women. She demonstrated that US female undergraduates had more experiences of being misperceived of their sexual interests by men whilst such biases were not existent with male undergraduates. Bendixen (2014) replicated the findings with an undergraduate sample from a more gender equal society, Norway. We conducted a direct replication of Haselton (2003) with a sample from a less gender equal society, Japan, and found the same trend. In addition, we found that Japanese women were more likely to be overperceived of their romantic interests although the effects were weaker.
Eien et al. (2016)
Eisen, C. (カリス・アイゼン), Ishii, K. (石井敬子), Miyamoto, Y. (宮本百合), Ma, X., & Hitokoto, H. (一言英文) (2016). To accept one’s fate or be its master: Culture, control, and workplace choice. 運命を受け入れる、それともその支配者になる：文化、コントロール、職場選択 Frontiers in Psychology. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00936
Utilizing three student (Study 1) and non-student samples (Study 2), we examined cultural differences in workplace choice for North Americans, Germans, and Japanese. We focused on the desire for control as a potential mediator (i.e., the underlying mechanism) to explain cultural differences in this important life decision. Given culturally divergent embodiments of independent vs. interdependent models of agency, we expected and found that, compared to North Americans and Germans, Japanese were more likely to prefer a workplace with a payment system that maintains social order rather than one that rewards individual achievement. Furthermore, we found that Japanese tend to give greater consideration to family opinions in their choice of workplace. As predicted, desire for control (i.e., the motivation to have control over various events) was stronger for North Americans and Germans than Japanese, and explained cultural differences in choice of workplace.