国際誌論文データベース

Jung, K. H. (鄭珪煕) (2016).
Happiness as an Additional Antecedent of Schadenfreude. 
シャーデンフロイデの付加的先行要因としての幸福感
Journal of Positive Psychology.
doi: 10.1080/17439760.2016.1173224

The current study examined whether dispositionally happy individuals feel less happiness when another person experiences a misfortune. Happy individuals are known to be less vulnerable to upward comparison information. In addition, schadenfreude is elicited by upward comparison targets (e.g. high achievers and tall poppies). Thus, it was assumed that happiness would decrease schadenfreude. The lower level of hostile feelings in happy individuals, which are elicited by threats to one’s person and inferiority heightened when confronted with a high achiever, was hypothesized to decrease schadenfreude. Studies 1 and 2 were conducted with scenario experiments, and the hypotheses were supported in both studies. Regression analyses revealed a significant direct effect of happiness on a reduction in schadenfreude. How not feeling schadenfreude when witness another person’s misfortune helps people maintain and/or increase their happiness is discussed.

Iwai, N.（岩井紀子）, & Shishido, K. (2015).
The Impact of the Great East Japan Earthquake and Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Accident on People’s Perception of Disaster Risks and Attitudes Toward Nuclear Energy Policy.
東日本大震災・福島第一原子力発電所の事故が災害リスクの認知および原子力政策への態度に与えた影響
Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research, 2(3), 172-195.
doi: 10.15206/ajpor.2015.2.3.172

Multiple nationwide opinion surveys, carried out by the government (cabinet office), major media (national newspapers and NHK), the National Institute for Environmental Studies, and the Atomic Energy Society of Japan, have revealed that the Fukushima nuclear accident has heightened people’s perception of disaster risks, fear of nuclear accidents, and increased recognition of pollution issues, and has changed public opinion on nuclear energy policy. The opinion gap on nuclear energy policy between specialists and lay people has widened since the disaster. The results of the Japanese General Social Survey data show that objections to the promotion of nuclear energy are strong among females, and weaker among young males and the supporters of the LDP. These findings are similar to the data collected after the Chernobyl accident. People who live in a 70km radius of nuclear plants tend to evaluate nuclear disaster risks higher. Distance from nuclear plants and the perception of earthquake risk interactively correlate with opinions on nuclear issues. Among people whose evaluation of earthquake risk is low, those who live nearer to the plants are more likely to object to the abolishment of nuclear plants. It was also found that the nuclear disaster has changed people’s behavior; they now try to save electricity. The level of commitment to energy saving is found to relate to opinions on nuclear issues.

Shikishima, C.（敷島千鶴）, Hiraishi, K.（平石界）, Yamagata, S., Ando, J., & Okada, M. (2015).
Genetic factors of individual differences in decision making in economic behavior: A Japanese twin study using the Allais problem.
経済行動の意思決定における個人差に寄与する遺伝要因：アレのパラドクスを用いた日本の双生児研究
Frontiers in Psychology.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01712

Why does decision making differ among individuals? People sometimes make seemingly inconsistent decisions with lower expected (monetary) utility even when objective information of probabilities and reward are provided. It is noteworthy, however, that a certain proportion of people do not provide anomalous responses, choosing the alternatives with higher expected utility, thus appearing to be more “rational.” We investigated the genetic and environmental influences on these types of individual differences in decision making using a classical Allais problem task. Participants were 1,199 Japanese adult twins aged 20–47. Univariate genetic analysis revealed that approximately a third of the Allais problem response variance was explained by genetic factors and the rest by environmental factors unique to individuals and measurement error. The environmental factor shared between families did not contribute to the variance. Subsequent multivariate genetic analysis clarified that decision making using the expected utility theory was associated with general intelligence and that the association was largely mediated by the same genetic factor. We approach the mechanism underlying two types of “rational” decision making from the perspective of genetic correlations with cognitive abilities.

Hayase, K. (早瀬光司) (2016).
Concerns Involving the Self:  What Is It That You Really Worry  about, Regret, or Are Anxious about,  When Things Do Not Go Right for You? 
「自分の思い通りにしたい、という思い」：物事が自分の思い通りにならないとき、人が心配したり、後悔したり、不安になったりしている本当の的（まと）は何か？
Psychology, 7(4), 627-647.
doi: 10.4236/psych.2016.74065

In two studies conducted in the US and Japan in 2012, more than 1000 respondents in each country were asked to report their subjective opinions and attitudes about situations that caused them regret, concern, worry, and anxiety. Although exploratory factor analyses extracted many latent factors from the 80 questions, a common latent inner factor was extracted from five questions that examined key psychological phenomena: worry at the present time, bothersome concerns in the present, regret for the past, anxiety about the future, and unpleasant experience in the past. Confirmatory factor analyses and structural equation modeling of the latent variables (SEM/LV) provided convincing evidence of the existence of the common latent inner factor in both countries. Because each of the five key phenomena reflected concerns involving the self, the common latent inner factor was labeled “Being unable to detach from concerns involving the self.” The same latent inner factor was also confirmed in SEM/LV of the combined US- Japanese data. Women, younger people, and people with lower levels of education were less able to detach from concerns involving the self than were men, older people, and people with higher levels of education. This was true in the samples from both independent (US) and interdependent (Japan) cultures. Psychological and philosophical implications of the latent inner factor were discussed.

Ishiyama, R. (石山玲子) (2013).
Japan: Why So Few Women Journalists?
Byerly, C. M. (2013). (Ed.)  The Palgrave International Handbook of Women and Journalism, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 404-418.
ISBN 978-1-137-27324-6

Kase, T.（嘉瀬貴祥）, Endo, S., & Oishi, K. (2016).
Process linking social support to mental health through a sense of coherence in Japanese university students.
日本人大学生におけるソーシャル・サポートが首尾一貫感覚を介して精神的健康と結びつく過程の検討
Mental Health & Prevention.
doi: 10.1016/j.mhp.2016.05.00

Tsuboya, T., Aida, J., Hikichi, H.（引地博之）, Subramanian, SV., Kondo, K., Osaka, K., & Kawachi, I. (2016).
Predictors of depressive symptoms following the Great East Japan earthquake: A prospective study.
東日本大震災後のうつ症状発症の予測要因：震災前のデータを活用した前向き研究の結果から
Social Science & Medicine.
doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.05.026

We sought to investigate prospectively the association between exposure to disaster (the 2011 East Japan Earthquake) and change in depressive symptoms among community-dwelling older adult survivors. We used two waves of data from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES), an ongoing population-based, prospective cohort study in Japan. A unique feature of our study was the availability of information about mental health status pre-dating the disaster. Our sample comprised community-dwelling survivors aged 65 and older, who responded to surveys in 2010 (i.e. one year before the disaster) and in 2013 (n = 3464). We categorized disaster exposure according to three types of experiences: loss of family/friends, property damage, and disruption in access to medical service. Our main outcome was change in depressive symptoms, measured by the 15-item geriatric depression scale (GDS). Among the participants, 917 (26.5%) reported losing a family member to the disaster, while a further 537 (15.5%) reported losing a friend. More than half of the participants reported some damage to their homes. After adjusting for demographics and baseline mental health, people whose homes were completely destroyed had significantly elevated depressive symptom scores three years later (+1.22 points, 95%CI: 0.80, 1.64, p < 0.0001). Disruption of psychiatric care was also associated with change in GDS scores (+2.51 points, 95%CI: 1.28, 3.74, p < 0.0001). By contrast, loss of family/friends was no longer associated with GDS after 3 years; +0.18 points (95%CI: −0.018, 0.37, p = 0.08) for loss of family, and −0.045 points (95%CI: −0.28, 0.19, p = 0.71) for loss of friends. Three years after the disaster, survivors of the 2011 earthquake and tsunami appeared to have recovered from loss of loved ones. By contrast, property loss and disruption of psychiatry care were associated with persistent adverse impact on mental health.

Schug, J.（シューグ・ジョアンナ）,  Takagishi, H.（高岸治人）,  Benech, C., & Okada, H. (2016).
The development of theory of mind and positive and negative reciprocity in preschool children.
未就学児における互恵性と心の理論の発達
Frontiers in Psychology.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00888

This study examined the relation between the acquisition of false-beliefs theory of mind and reciprocity in preschoolers. Preschool-aged children completed a task assessing the understanding of false beliefs, and played an Ultimatum Game (UG) with another child in a face-to-face setting. Negative reciprocity was assessed by examining the rejection of unfair offers made by another child in the UG, while positive reciprocity by examining allocations made by participants in a Dictator Game (DG) following the UG. The results indicated that children who had passed a task assessing first-order false beliefs were more likely to make generous offers in a DG following a fair offer made by their partner in a proceeding UG, but that the false beliefs theory of mind was unrelated to the rejection of unfair offers in the UG.

Ueda, R., Ashida, H., Yanagisawa, K.（柳澤邦昭）, & Abe, N. (2016).
The neural basis of individual differences in mate poaching.
略奪愛の個人差に関わる神経基盤
Social Neuroscience.
doi: 10.1080/17470919.2016.1182065

This study tested the hypothesis that individual differences in the activity of the orbitofrontal cortex, a region implicated in value-based decision-making, are associated with the preference for a person with a partner, which could lead to mate poaching. During functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), male participants were presented with facial photographs of (a) attractive females with a partner, (b) attractive females without a partner, (c) unattractive females with a partner, and (d) unattractive females without a partner. The participants were asked to rate the degree to which they desired a romantic relationship with each female using an 8-point scale. The participants rated attractive females higher than unattractive females, and this effect was associated with ventral striatum activation. The participants also indicated lower ratings for females with a partner than for females without a partner, and this effect was associated with parietal cortex activation. As predicted, the participants characterized by higher orbitofrontal activity demonstrated a greater willingness to engage in a romantic relationship with females who have a partner compared with females who do not have a partner. These results are the first to provide a possible neural explanation for why certain individuals are willing to engage in mate poaching.