日本の社会心理学者たちは，活発な研究活動を展開・公表しており，その成果は日本語による論文であれば例えば日本社会心理学会の機関誌である「社会心理学研究」等の学会誌に掲載され，また学術書として公刊されています．一方，当然のことながら学問に国境はなく，特に近年では国際的な論文誌や書籍にその成果が掲載されることも増えてきました．しかし，こうした国際的成果をくまなく知ることは，あまりにそのフィールドが広いためにあまり容易ではありませんでした．
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Yamagishi,& Hashimoto (2016)
Yamagishi, T. (山岸俊男) & Hashimoto, H. (橋本博文) (2016). Social niche construction. 社会的ニッチ構築 Current Opinion in Psychology, 8, 119-124. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.10.003
Humans are niche constructors who create physical and social environments to which they adapt. The social niche construction approach to human behavior analyzes behavior as a strategy to further long-term self-interest given a specific institution — that is, a set of stable and predictable responses from others to one’s own behavior. We illustrate the logic of social niche construction analysis using examples of individualist and collectivist institutions, and explain how independent and interdependent self-construal can be viewed as strategies adapting to and collectively sustaining individualist or collectivist institutions. We discuss how the social niche construction approach is related to similar approaches used in cultural psychology, namely the socioecological approach, intersubjective approach, equilibrium approach, and gene–culture co-evolution approach.
Ishii, & Uchida (2016)
Ishii, K. （石井敬子） & Uchida, Y. （内田由紀子） (2016). Japanese Youth Marginalization Decreases Interdependent Orientation. 日本の若者の周縁化による協調性の減少 Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 47(3), 376-384. doi: 10.1177/0022022115621969
Under the influences of globalization and a long recession, there is an increasing population of marginalized Japanese youth referred to as NEET (Not in Employment, Education, or Training). Past studies have suggested that the social withdrawal of these individuals is a manifestation of a denial of the dominant cultural value of interdependence and a lack of motivation to adhere to it. To present additional evidence, this study addressed the cognitive and emotional consequences of NEET tendencies by examining interdependent orientation measured by one’s desire to engage in social activities (Study 1) and spontaneous attention to vocal tone (Study 2). As expected, an increase of NEET tendencies was associated with a lower desire to engage in social activities and a reduced attention to vocal tone. These results suggest that NEET tendencies decrease interdependent orientation in the Japanese cultural context.
Tanaka et al.(2015)
Tanaka, Y. (田中豊), Kitayama, M. (北山雅也), Arai, S. (荒井祥), & Matsushima, M. (松島由貴) (2015). Major psychological factors affecting consumer’s acceptance of food additives: Validity of a new psychological model. 食品添加物の消費者受容を規定する心理的要因－新しい心理モデルの妥当性－ British Food Journal, 117(11), 2788-2800. doi: 10.1108/BFJ-02-2015-0062The purpose of this study was to verify the validity of a causal model that was made to predict the consumer’s acceptance of food additives. A new emotional model in which cognitive factors influence emotional factors from the bottom-up was made and the validity of the model was tested. A social survey was conducted in Tokyo, Japan, among 120 female undergraduate students. The results showed that the new emotional model had a higher validity than the conventional emotional model, in which emotional factors influence cognitive factors. This study showed that the influence of cognitive factors, such as perceived risk and perceived benefit, is also effective in an emotional model. This importantly suggests that consumer’s emotions like anxiety and anger can be changed by altering consumer’s cognitions or perceptions.
Nozaki (2015)
Nozaki, Y. (野崎優樹) (2015). Emotional competence and extrinsic emotion regulation directed toward an ostracized person. 情動コンピテンスと被排斥者の悲しみを和らげる行動との関連 Emotion, 15, 763-774. doi: 10.1037/emo0000081
Positive interpersonal relationships hinge on individuals’ competence in regulating others’ emotions as well as their own. Nevertheless, little is known about the relationship between emotional competence and specific interpersonal behaviors. In particular, it is unclear which situations require emotional competence for extrinsic emotion regulation and whether emotionally competent individuals actually attempt to regulate others’ emotions. To clarify these issues, the current investigation examined the relationship between emotional competence and extrinsic emotion regulation directed toward an ostracized person. The results of Study 1 (N = 39) indicated that interpersonal emotional competence (competence related to others’ emotions) was positively associated with participants’ efforts to relieve the ostracized person’s sadness. In Study 2 (N = 120), this relationship was moderated by the ostracized person’s emotional expression. In particular, participants with high interpersonal emotional competence were more likely to attempt to regulate the sadness of ostracized individuals who expressed neutral affect. In contrast, when the ostracized person expressed sadness, there were no significant relationships between high or low interpersonal emotional competence and extrinsic emotion regulation behavior. These results offer novel insight into how emotionally competent individuals use their competence to benefit others.
Yamaguchi et al. (2015)
Yamaguchi, M.（山口真奈）, Masuchi, A.（増地あゆみ）, Nakanishi, D.（中西大輔）, Suga, S. （菅さやか）, Konishi, K.（小西直喜）, Yu, Y-Y., & Ohtsubo, Y.（大坪庸介） Experiential purchases and prosocial spending promote happiness by enhancing social relationships. The Journal of Positive Psychology: Dedicated to furthering research and promoting good practice. doi: 10.1080/17439760.2015.1117128
Recent research on consumption and subjective well-being has revealed that experiential purchases and prosocial spending promote happiness by enhancing the purchasers’ social relationships. This study (N = 1523) explored whether undergraduate students’ consumption behaviors during summer break would be associated with their post-break happiness, and whether the consumption–happiness relationship would be mediated by a positive influence on their social relationships. The results showed that both experiential purchases and prosocial spending during summer break were associated with greater post-break happiness, but only when these purchases had a positive influence on the purchasers’ social relationships. These effects remained significant after controlling for respondents’ personality traits, financial standing, and sex. Moreover, both experiential purchases and prosocial spending were more likely to have a positive influence on social relationships than luxury purchases. These results are congruent with the recent exposition that experiential purchases and prosocial spending promote happiness by enhancing the purchasers’ social relationships.
Nakazato et al.(2015)
Nakazato, N.（中里直樹）, Nakashima, K.（中島健一郎）, & Morinaga, Y.（森永康子） (2015). The importance of freedom in the East and the West over time: A meta-analytic study of predictors of well-being. 「自由」の重要性：ウェルビーイングの予測因に関するメタ分析 Social Indications Research, 1-18. doi: 10.1007/s11205-015-1180-6
We examined whether sense of freedom is an important predictor of well-being, as compared to other typical predictors, across different periods in modern times (1981–2011), and in the East and the West. We applied a meta-analytical approach to the results of a series of multiple regression analyses conducted on six individual waves of Japanese data sets and five individual waves of American data sets from the World Values Survey. The final sample comprised 6389 Japanese and 6176 American respondents during all study periods. The main findings were that sense of freedom was one of the strongest predictors of life satisfaction (a) among several predictors (i.e., health condition, household income, marital status), (b) consistently across waves, and (c) in both Japan and the United States, as typical collectivistic Eastern and individualistic Western countries. We conclude that the greater importance of sense of freedom in ensuring well-being than other typical predictors is applicable to individuals across time and cultures.
Ishiguro (2016)
Ishiguro, I. （石黒格） Extroversion and neuroticism affect the right side of the distribution of network size. ネットワークサイズ分布の「右側」に影響する外向性と神経症傾向 Social Networks, 44, 219-225. doi: 10.1016/j.socnet.2015.10.004
Previous studies explored various predictors of network size by examining their effects on mean network size. However, such predictors may not affect the entire distribution of network size uniformly. In the present study, I theoretically predict that extroversion and neuroticism affect the right side of the network size distribution to a greater extent than the left side and test these predictions using quantile regression analysis. The results showed that the effects of extroversion on the size of the inner and outer layers of personal network were significantly greater when the prediction target was the third quartile than when it was the first quartile. The results also showed that although the effects of neuroticism on the inner layer size were significant, that on the outer layer size were not. When the target variable was inner layer size, the relationship between neuroticism and inner layer size was stronger when the prediction target was the third quartile than when it was the first quartile.
Ogihara et al.(2015)
Ogihara, Y.（荻原祐二）, Fujita, H., Tominaga, H., Ishigaki, S., Kashimoto, T., Takahashi, A., Toyohara, K., & Uchida, Y.（内田由紀子） (2015). Are common names becoming less common? The rise in uniqueness and individualism in Japan. 「ふつうの名前」がふつうでなくなる？ 日本におけるユニークネスと個人主義の増大 Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1490.
We examined whether Japanese culture has become more individualistic by investigating how the practice of naming babies has changed over time. Cultural psychology has revealed substantial cultural variation in human psychology and behavior, emphasizing the mutual construction of socio-cultural environment and mind. However, much of the past research did not account for the fact that culture is changing. Indeed, archival data on behavior (e.g., divorce rates) suggest a rise in individualism in the U.S. and Japan. In addition to archival data, cultural products (which express an individual’s psyche and behavior outside the head; e.g., advertising) can also reveal cultural change. However, little research has investigated the changes in individualism in East Asia using cultural products. To reveal the dynamic aspects of culture, it is important to present temporal data across cultures. In this study, we examined baby names as a cultural product. If Japanese culture has become more individualistic, parents would be expected to give their children unique names. Using two databases, we calculated the rate of popular baby names between 2004 and 2013. Both databases released the rankings of popular names and their rates within the sample. As Japanese names are generally comprised of both written Chinese characters and their pronunciations, we analyzed these two separately. We found that the rate of popular Chinese characters increased, whereas the rate of popular pronunciations decreased. However, only the rate of popular pronunciations was associated with a previously validated collectivism index. Moreover, we examined the pronunciation variation of common combinations of Chinese characters and the written form variation of common pronunciations. We found that the variation of written forms decreased, whereas the variation of pronunciations increased over time. Taken together, these results showed that parents are giving their children unique names by pairing common Chinese characters with uncommon pronunciations, which indicates an increase in individualism in Japan.
Yu, & Ohtsubo (2015)
Yu, Y.-Y.（兪 叶韵） & Ohtsubo, Y.（大坪庸介） (2015). The implicit association between pride and social status in Japan. 日本におけるプライド感情と社会的地位の間の潜在的連合について Letters on Behavioral Social Science doi: 10.5178/lebs.2015.38
Pride is considered to be an emotion related to the attainment of status. People (at least in Canada and Fiji) implicitly associate the pride expression with high status. In a series of four implicit association test (IAT) studies, we explored the implicit association between the pride expression and high status in Japan. Study 1 showed that Japanese participants readily associate the pride expression with high status, and the shame/embarrassment expression with low status. Study 2a, furthermore, confirmed that the pride-high status association is not driven by the shame-low status association, while Study 2b revealed that the pride-high status association cannot be explained by a simple association of pride with general positivity. Finally, Study 3 demonstrated that Japanese participants readily associate the pride expression with high status jobs, and thus conceptually replicated Study 1. Collectively, these studies provide evidence that East Asian people associate the expression of pride with high status.
Ishii (2015)
Ishii, K.（石井敬子） (2015). Subjective socioeconomic status and cigarette smoking interact to delay discounting. 主観的な社会経済地位と喫煙の交互作用が遅延割引に及ぼす効果 SpringerPlus, 4, 560. doi: 10.1186/s40064-015-1361-4 People generally discount future outcomes, and accordingly accept immediate but smaller gain. This research examined whether this tendency (i.e., delay discounting) is associated with socioeconomic status (SES) and smoking status, and hypothesized that the influence of SES on delay discounting would be moderated by smoking status. Using an Internet survey, 206 participants made choices between receiving hypothetical monetary rewards immediately or with a delay of 1 year. As predicted, the rates of delay discounting were higher as subjective socioeconomic status indicating one’s relative position and standing in a society was lower. Moreover, the tendency was clearer in smokers than in non-smokers, suggesting that cigarette smoking has a moderating effect. In contrast, there was no effect of objective socioeconomic status representing how individuals are able to access valued goods and services.
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