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Muto et al. (2015)
Muto, M. (武藤麻美), Kugihara, N. (釘原直樹), & Kohara, Y. (2015). Psychological distance and likeability of in- or out-group targets who hold different opinions. 内・外集団における異なる価値観の保持者に対する心理的距離：戦争の是非をテーマとして Psychologia, 58, 36-48.
This study investigated whether the extension of psychological distance from in- or out-group targets that hold different opinions covaried with increased negative impressions about such targets. A between-participants 2 (matching opinion vs. non-matching opinion presentations) x 2 (Japanese in-group presenter vs. American out-group presenter) factorial design was used. The results indicated the following: (1) in the matching opinion condition, participants reduced the psychological distance from out-group targets and increased their likeability: whereas (2) in the non-matching opinion condition, participants maintained the psychological distance from in-group targets and disliked them. These results indicate that the difference between actual and expected opinions that people have about targets affected the increase, or decrease of psychological distance and the likability of targets.
本研究は，異なる価値観を有する内・外集団成員への心理的距離 (社会的距離) の延伸と好意度の低下が，認知者が保有するターゲットに対する期待値と，現実値との乖離が大きい場合に，顕著に出現することの検証を目的とした。また，心理的距離と好意度の関連も検討した。実験デザインは，2 (意見一致条件: 戦争反対意見・意見不一致条件: 戦争賛成意見) × 2 (内集団: 日本人・外集団: 米国人) の参加者間計画とした。結果は次の通りである。(1) 意見一致条件で，現実値と期待値の乖離が大きい，外集団成員に対する心理的距離の短縮化と好意度の上昇が見られた，(2) 意見不一致条件では，現実値と期待値の乖離が大きい，内集団成員に対する心理的距離の延伸と好意度の低下が見られた。現実値と期待値の乖離の大小が，内・外集団成員に対する心理的距離や好意度に影響することが示された。
Thomson, & Yuki (2015)
Thomson, R., & Yuki, M.（結城雅樹） (2015). How to win (and lose) friendships across cultures: Why relational mobility matters. 文化を越えて友情を勝ち得るには：関係流動性の問題 In-Mind Magazine.In this article, we have reviewed research which suggests that to understand which relational strategies work in what social context, it is important to understand the characteristics of external social environments which surround individuals, in particular relational mobility. This is called the socio-ecological approach to cultural and regional differences in mind and behavior, an approach which complements previous cross-cultural research. North American societies, as well as urban areas, are high in relational mobility, which means there are an abundance of options for interpersonal relationships. In such a social ecology, people tend to be more confident in their abilities, trust strangers, and be more open about sensitive personal matters. Behaving this way helps them in their goals of acquiring and keeping beneficial friendships. The social environments in East Asia and rural areas, however, tend to be low in relational mobility. Interpersonal relationships are generally pre-determined, and there are fewer options to meet new people. In a social ecology like this, it appears wise to avoid offending others. Doing so will help to maintain harmony in those long-lasting, hard to replace relationships. To put it in a nutshell: Sure, friendships can be tough, but they’re easier to manage if you’re aware of the rules of the game. |
Takagishi et al. (2015)
Takagishi, H.（高岸治人）, Fujii, T.（藤井貴之）, Koizumi, M., Schug, J., Nakamura, F., & Kameshima, S. (2015). The development of the effect of peer monitoring on generosity differs among elementary school-age boys and girls. 寛大さに対する相互監視の効果の発達：小学生における性差 Frontiers in Psychology. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00895
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of peer monitoring on generosity in boys and girls aged 6 – 12 years. A total of 120 elementary school students played a one-shot dictator game (DG) with and without peer monitoring by classmates. Children decided how to divide 10 chocolates between themselves and a classmate either in a condition in which their allocations were visible to their peers, or in private. While the effect of peer monitoring on the allocation amount in the DG was clearly present in boys, it was not observed in girls. Furthermore, the effect of peer monitoring in boys appeared at the age of 9 years. These results suggest that the motivation to draw peers’ attention plays a stronger role for older boys than for girls or younger boys. The potential roles of higher-order theory of mind, social roles, and emergence of secondary sex characteristics on the influence of peer monitoring on generosity shown by boys are discussed.
Kobayashi, & Ichifuji (2015)
Kobayashi, T.（小林哲郎）, & Ichifuji, Y. (2015). Tweets that matter: Evidence from a randomized field experiment in Japan. ツイッターを利用した選挙運動の効果：日本における現場実験 Political Communication. doi: 10.1080/10584609.2014.986696 Although election campaigns are increasingly utilizing social media, only a few studies have investigated their effects experimentally. To fill this gap in the literature, we conducted a field experiment to examine the effects of a campaign that used Twitter during the 2013 House of Councillors election in Japan. The treatment was exposure to tweets from Tōru Hashimoto, the mayor of Osaka and co-leader of the Japan Restoration Party, who has the largest number of Twitter followers among Japanese politicians. Participants assigned to the treatment group followed Hashimoto and the two placebos, whereas those assigned to the control condition followed only the two placebos. They followed the politicians continuously for approximately one month. Pre- and posttreatment measures were collected using online surveys, and treatment compliance was continuously checked via Twitter application programming interface (API). Following Hashimoto on Twitter during the election campaign had a positive impact on feelings toward Hashimoto. This effect was not mediated by issue knowledge or the evaluation of Hashimoto’s personal traits, and no effects were observed on voting. These findings suggest that repeated exposure to a politician’s messages on Twitter may only result in a mere exposure effect, which nevertheless generates favorable overall attitudes about the politician.
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Boase et al.(2015)
Boase, J., Kobayashi, T.（小林哲郎）, Schrock, A., Suzuki, T., & Suzuki, T.（鈴木貴久）(2015). Reconnecting here and there: The reactivation of dormant ties in the US and Japan. 休眠していた絆の再接続：日米比較研究 American Behavioral Scientist.
This article examines the reactivation of dormant ties in Japan and the United States. Using the institutional approach to culture developed by Yamagishi et al., it is hypothesized that respondents living in Japan will be less likely to reconnect with dormant ties when prompted than respondents living in the United States. It is further hypothesized that interaction with kin and work ties will help to explain lower levels of reconnection in Japan than in the United States. To examine these hypotheses, we developed a field experiment in which 95 adults living in Japan and 68 adults living in the United States were prompted by a smartphone application to reconnect with dormant ties. The results of this study show strong support for the hypothesis that respondents living in Japan are less likely to reconnect with dormant ties than respondents living in the United States when prompted. There is also mixed support for the hypothesis that interaction with kin and work ties helps to explain lower levels of reconnection in Japan than in the United States.
Yamakawa & Sakamoto (2015)
Yamakawa, I.（山川樹）, & Sakamoto, S.（坂本真士） (2015). Insisting on Depression, but not Showing Symptoms: A Japanese Study of Excuse-Making. 症状を呈さない鬱病の主張 International Journal of Psychological Studies, 7, 146-154. doi: 10.5539/ijps.v7n2p146 Since the late 1990s, Japanese psychiatrists have reported the appearance of a Modern Type Depression (MTD), which has different features from melancholic depression. Using a case vignette method, we looked at one of the distinctive features of MTD; that is, “insisting on depression”. In particular, we examined whether the statement “I think I may have depressive disorder” can be accepted as an excuse for not fulfilling ones’ duty when one does not show any symptoms of depressive disorder. Participants comprised 344 Japanese undergraduates who were presented with a short scenario describing social predicaments and who subsequently assessed the excuse value in terms of impression and behavioral reaction on the transgressor. Results showed that even though the transgressor did not show any symptoms of depressive disorder, insisting that one may have depressive disorder seemed to be accepted. Additionally, consistent with Weiner’s cognitive (attribution)–emotion–action model, the more positive impressions observers have on the transgressor, the more they are motivated to react kindly to the transgressor. Some unexpected findings and limitations of the present study were discussed.
いわゆる「新型うつ」はその特徴の一つとして，自ら積極的に「うつ（病）である」と主張することが挙げられています。そしてこの特徴に対して，「うつ（病）である」ということを不都合に対する弁解にしている面があるのではないか，という指摘があります。本研究はこの点について，自己呈示理論（弁解研究）をベースとして検討しました。大学生を対象に，場面想定法を使った質問紙実験を実施した結果，たとえ事前にうつ病の症状を示していなくても，失敗した後に「自分はうつ病だと思う」と発言することは，印象の悪化，あるいは罰や叱責といった否定的な反応を抑える妥当な弁解として機能することが示唆されました。
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Ito et al.(2015)
Ito, K., Masuda, T.（増田貴彦）, Koyama, A.（小宮あすか）, & Hioki, K.（日置孝一）(2015). Seeking help from close, same-sex friends: Relational costs for Japanese and personal costs for European Canadians. 親密な同性友人に援助を求める際のコストの文化差 Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 32(4), 529-554. doi: 10.1177/0265407514539780
Seeking help from close friends is beneficial for help seekers but also entails costs. Past research on social support suggested that East Asians were more likely than their North American counterparts to perceive relational costs (e.g., causing trouble for close friends), whereas North Americans tended to selectively perceive personal costs (e.g., admitting incompetence). We first collected European Canadian and Japanese people’s everyday experiences of help-seeking behaviors. We then examined whether norms would mediate the relationship between perceptions of costs and expected closeness in friendship. For European Canadians, we found such meditating relationships only for personal costs; whereas for the Japanese, the relationships were observed for both personal and relational costs. Implications for social cognitive research and clinical research are discussed.
Uchida et al.(2015)
Uchida, Y.（内田由紀子）, Kanagawa, C.（金川智恵）, Takenishi, A.（竹西亜古）, Harada, A., Okawa, K., Yabuno, H. (2015). How Did the Media Report on the Great East Japan Earthquake? Objectivity and Emotionality Seeking in Japanese Media Coverage. 東日本大震災をメディアはどう伝えたか PLoS ONE, 10(5): e0125966. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125966
The Great East Japan Earthquake was a tragic event requiring critical media involvement. Since the media played an important role in conveying factual information, journalists expressed feeling that it was difficult to guarantee the objectivity of their coverage. As media coverage constructs a socio-culturally shared reality among its audience, an examination of the objectivity and emotionality of the contents of the news coverage is needed. In Study 1, we conducted an exploratory content analysis of TV and newspaper coverage from the six month period following the March 11, 2011 disaster, finding that the news media generally reported neutral and objective factual information about the event, with emotionality shown only in the commentary. In order to examine how media coverage was constructed and evaluated by journalists, in Study 2 we conducted an online survey of 115 journalists working for mass media organizations. We found that that the journalists’ orientations tended to be more objective than emotional, which is consistent with the findings of Study 1. However, their evaluations of the objectivity of the published articles were low, especially for the coverage of the nuclear power plant accident, which was an accident of an unprecedented nature. The negative emotions that journalists experienced during their investigations negatively affected subsequent evaluations of the objectivity of their reporting.
Ukezono et al. (2015)
Ukezono, M.（請園正敏）, Nakashima, S. F.（中嶋智史）, Sudo, R.（須藤竜之介）, Yamazaki, A. & Takano, Y. (2015). The combination of perception of other individuals and exogenous manipulation of arousal enhances social facilitation as an aftereffect: re-examination of Zajonc’s drive theory. 他者の知覚と喚起の外的操作の組み合わせによる社会的促進の増進：ザイエンスの動因理論の再検証 Frontiers in Psychology. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00601
Zajonc’s drive theory postulates that arousal enhanced through the perception of the presence of other individuals plays a crucial role in social facilitation (Zajonc, 1965). Here, we conducted two experiments to examine whether the elevation of arousal through a stepping exercise performed in front of others as an exogenous factor causes social facilitation of a cognitive task in a condition where the presence of others does not elevate the arousal level. In the main experiment, as an “aftereffect of social stimulus,” we manipulated the presence or absence of others and arousal enhancement before participants conducted the primary cognitive task. The results showed that the strongest social facilitation was induced by the combination of the perception of others and arousal enhancement. In a supplementary experiment, we manipulated these factors by adding the presence of another person during the task. The results showed that the effect of the presence of the other during the primary task is enough on its own to produce facilitation of task performance regardless of the arousal enhancement as an aftereffect of social stimulus. Our study therefore extends the framework of Zajonc’s drive theory in that the combination of the perception of others and enhanced arousal as an “aftereffect” was found to induce social facilitation especially when participants did not experience the presence of others while conducting the primary task.
Kondo et al. (2014)
Kondo, N., Saito, M., Hikichi, H.（引地博之）, Aida, J., Ojima, T., Kondo, K., & Kawachi, I. (2014). Relative deprivation in income and mortality by leading causes AMONG older Japanese men and women: AGES cohort study. 収入と道徳性の相対的剥奪：日本人高齢者におけるコホート研究 Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. doi: 10.1136/jech-2014-205103
Background Relative deprivation of income is hypothesised to generate frustration and stress through upward social comparison with one’s peers. If psychosocial stress is the mechanism, relative deprivation should be more strongly associated with specific health outcomes, such as cardiovascular disease (compared with other health outcomes, eg, non-tobacco-related cancer).
Methods We evaluated the association between relative income deprivation and mortality by leading causes, using a cohort of 21 031 community-dwelling adults aged 65 years or older. A baseline mail-in survey was conducted in 2003. Information on cause-specific mortality was obtained from death certificates. Our relative deprivation measure was the Yitzhaki Index, derived from the aggregate income shortfall for each person, relative to individuals with higher incomes in that person’s reference group. Reference groups were defined according to gender, age group and same municipality of residence.
Results We identified 1682 deaths during the 4.5 years of follow-up. A Cox regression demonstrated that, after controlling for demographic, health and socioeconomic factors including income, the HR for death from cardiovascular diseases per SD increase in relative deprivation was 1.50 (95% CI 1.09 to 2.08) in men, whereas HRs for mortality by cancer and other diseases were close to the null value. Additional adjustment for depressive symptoms and health behaviours (eg, smoking and preventive care utilisation) attenuated the excess risks for mortality from cardiovascular disease by 9%. Relative deprivation was not associated with mortality for women.
Conclusions The results partially support our hypothesised mechanism: relative deprivation increases health risks via psychosocial stress among men.