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Yamagishi (2014)
Yamagishi, T.（山岸俊男） (2014). From a measurement model to a dynamic causal model: Commentary on Schwartz. 測定モデルから因果モデルへ：Schwartzへのコメント Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(1), 30-36. doi: 10.1177/0022022113513105
Schwartz (2013) uses the measurement model of latent aptitudes to explain why the large variance in individuals’ values does not pose a problem for the use of the country mean as a proxy of the societal culture as a macro property. I propose that the multi-level causal model provides a more appropriate view of societal culture as a macro property, according to which individuals in each country are like students in a class who are taught by an instructor. The instructor’s teaching effectiveness is a macro property, affecting all students’ learning levels and the average test score. Within-class variance in students’ test scores generated by factors independent of the instructor’s teaching qualities is irrelevant to the assessment of the instructor’s teaching effectiveness. Social institutions such as democratic legal systems affect all individuals under the institutions and would generate between-institution differences in people’s behavior indendeptly of factors ideosyncratic to individuals.
Shinada & Yamagishi (2014)
Shinada, M.（品田瑞穂）, & Yamagishi, T.（山岸俊男） (2014). Attractiveness and cooperation in a prisoner’s dilemma game. 囚人のジレンマゲームにおける魅力度と協力行動 Evolution and Human Behavior, 35(6), 451-455. doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.06.003
The modulating role of age on the relationship between physical attractiveness and cooperativeness in a prisoner’s dilemma game (PDG) was investigated. Previous studies have shown that physical attractiveness is negatively related to cooperative choices among young men but not young women. Following the argument that the negative relationship between physical attractiveness and cooperation is a product of short-term mating strategies among attractive men, we predicted that this relationship is unique to young men and absent among women and older men. We tested this hypothesis with 175 participants (aged 22–69 years). The results showed that physical attractiveness was negatively related to cooperative behavior among young men but not among women or older men. We further observed that the negative relationship between physical attractiveness and cooperation among young men was particularly strong when attractiveness was judged by women.
Hashimoto et al. (2014)
Hashimoto, H.（橋本博文）, Mifune, N.（三船恒裕）, & Yamagishi, T.（山岸俊男） (2014). To be perceived as altruistic: Strategic considerations that support fair behavior in the dictator game. 利他敵と認知されること：独裁者ゲームでの公正行動を支える戦略的基盤 Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science, 5(2), 17-20.
We successfully replicated Dana, Cain, and Dawes’ study (2006) using a dictator game with an exit option with a Japanese sample. The exit option allowed the dictator to leave the recipient with nothing by paying a small fee, while also ensuring that the recipient never noticed that the dictator game was being played. If the dictator was motivated by fairness, or even self-interest, there would be no reason to choose the exit option. However, our study, as well as the original study, demonstrated that approximately 40% of participants chose the exit option. Based on these results, we argue that the altruistic behavior exhibited during the standard dictator game represents a default strategy for reputation management.
Van Lange et al. (2014)
Van Lange, P., Rockenbach, B. & Yamagishi, T.（山岸俊男） (2014).
Reward and punishment in social dilemmas.
社会的ジレンマにおける報酬と罰（書籍）
Oxford University Press.
ISBN: 9780199300747
Book Description
One of the key scientific challenges is the puzzle of human cooperation. Why do people cooperate? Why do people help strangers, even sometimes at a major cost to themselves? Why do people want to punish others who violate norms and undermine collective interests?
Reward and punishment is a classic theme in research on social dilemmas. More recently, it has received considerable attention from scientists working in various disciplines such as economics, neuroscience, and psychology. We know now that reward and punishment can promote cooperation in so-called public good dilemmas, where people need to decide how much from their personal resources to contribute to the public good. Clearly, enjoying the contributions of others while not contributing is tempting. Punishment (and reward) are effective in reducing free-riding. Yet the recent explosion of research has also triggered many questions. For example, who can reward and punish most effectively? Is punishment effective in any culture? What are the emotions that accompany reward and punishment? Even if reward and punishment are effective, are they also efficient — knowing that rewards and punishment are costly to administer? How can sanctioning systems best organized to be reduce free-riding? The chapters in this book, the first in a series on human cooperation, explore the workings of reward and punishment, how they should be organized, and their functions in society, thereby providing a synthesis of the psychology, economics, and neuroscience of human cooperation.
Ohtsubo & Yagi (2015)
Ohtsubo, Y. （大坪庸介）, & Yagi, A.（八木彩乃） (2015). Relationship Value Promotes Costly Apology-Making: Testing the Valuable Relationships Hypothesis from the Perpetrator’s Perspective. 関係価値はコストのかかる謝罪を促進する Evolution and Human Behavior. doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.11.008The valuable relationships hypothesis posits that people are inclined to reconcile with their valuable-relationship partners. Focusing on a particular type of credible conciliatory signal (i.e., costly apology), the present study tested this hypothesis from the perpetrator’s perspective. In Studies 1 and 2, after imagining that they had committed an interpersonal transgression against one of their real friends, participants (N = 529 and 311 in Studies 1 and 2, respectively) rated their willingness to incur a cost in order to apologize to the victim. Apology cost was operationalized as “canceling plans to make an apology as soon as possible” in Study 1, and as “offering compensation” in Study 2. The results showed that the instrumentality of the partner to achieving the participants’ goals would increase their willingness to make a costly apology, after controlling for the participants’ sex, version of the transgression scenario, closeness to the victim, and expected forgiveness of the victim. To ensure the external validity of this finding, Studies 3 and 4 asked participants to recall one of their interpersonal transgression experiences, and to report whether they had offered compensation for it (N = 190 and 224 in Studies 3 and 4, respectively). Study 3 confirmed the hypothesis, while Study 4 did not directly support it. However, Study 4 did show that participants were more willing to reconcile with their valuable partners. Taken together, these results indicate that the valuable relationships hypothesis applies not only to victims, but also their perpetrators as well.
この研究では、関係価値の高い相手を傷つけた場合に、人々がコストのかかるやりかたで（より赦してもらいやすいやりかたで）謝罪することを示した。研究1・2は場面想定法の質問紙実験であり、研究3・4は実際の謝罪経験を想起して回答してもらう回想法調査であった。いずれの研究も、人々が関係価値の高い相手との和解に高く動機づけられていることを示していた。
Takagi et al. (2014)
Takagi, D. (高木大資), Kondo, N., Takada, M., & Hashimoto, H. (2014). Differences in spousal influence on smoking cessation by gender and education among Japanese couples. 日本人夫婦における、性別と学歴による禁煙への配偶者効果の違い BMC Public Health, 14:1184 doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1184
Background:
Previous studies have reported that spousal non-smoking has a spillover effect on the partner’s cessation. However, discussion is lacking on the factors modifying that association. We examined whether the spillover effect of spousal non-smoking was associated with the couple’s educational attainment.
Methods:
We used paired marital data from the Japanese Study on Stratification, Health, Income, and Neighborhood (J-SHINE), which targeted residents aged 25–50 years in four Japanese municipalities. We selected a spouse smoker at the time of marriage (target respondent), and set his/her smoking status change (continued or quit smoking after marriage) as an outcome, regressed on the counterpart’s smoking status (continued smoking or non-smoking) and combinations of each couple’s educational attainment as explanatory variables using log-binomial regression models (n =1001 targets; 708 men and 293 women).
Results:
Regression results showed that a counterpart who previously quit smoking or was a never-smoker was associated with the target male spouse’s subsequent cessation. However, for women, the association between husband’s non-smoking and their own cessation was significant only for couples in which both spouses were highly educated.
Conclusions:
Our findings suggest that a spouse’s smoking status is important for smoking cessation interventions in men. For women, however, a couple’s combined educational attainment may matter in the interventions.
本研究では日本に在住する1,001組の夫婦のペアデータを用いて、配偶者の非喫煙が、もう一方の配偶者の禁煙行動を促進するかどうかが検討された。分析結果から、妻が非喫煙者である男性はその後自分自身も禁煙する確率が高まるのに対して、女性においては、高学歴夫婦のみが夫の非喫煙から影響を受けることが示唆された。
Takahashi et al. (2014)
Takahashi, T., Takagishi, H.（高岸治人）, Nishinaka, H., Makino, T., & Fukui, H. (2014). Neuroeconomics of psychopathy: risk taking in probability discounting of gain and loss predicts psychopathy. サイコパシーの神経経済学 Neuro Endocrinology Letters, 36(6), 510-517
BACKGROUND:
This study investigated the relationships between psychopathy and impulsive and risky decision making, by utilizing intertemporal and probabilistic choices for both gain and loss, in addition to the Iowa gambling task.
METHODS:
The Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised – a 154-item measure that assesses psychopathic traits by self-report – was used with a 4-point response scale to assess 113 undergraduate students from three Japanese universities. Participants’ performance on the Iowa Gambling Task and four behavioral neuroeconomic tasks of discounting – delayed gain, delayed loss, uncertain gain, and uncertain loss – were estimated.
RESULTS:
Risky decisions in probability discounting of gain and loss were associated with psychopathy. Psychopathic traits had no relationship with performance on the Iowa Gambling and were not significantly related to delay discounting.
CONCLUSIONS:
Psychopathy is predicted by risky decision in probability discounting of gain and loss, but not strongly associated with future myopia. Implications of the present findings for neuroeconomics and neurolaw are discussed.
Goto & Kusumi (2015)
Goto, T. (後藤崇志) & Kusumi, T. (楠見 孝) (2015). The effects of regret on internalization of academic motivation: A longitudinal study. 学業動機づけの内在化に後悔が及ぼす効果: 縦断的研究 Learning and Individual Differences. doi: 10.1016/j.lindif.2014.11.013
We examined whether and how regret contributes to acquiring autonomous motivation with the aim of gaining a deeper understanding of the intrapersonal process of the internalization of academic motivation. We conducted a longitudinal survey to examine the longitudinal relationship between motivation and regret in academic situations. Results of a path analysis showed that regret about neglecting study, experienced immediately after an end-of-term examination, mediated the conversion of controlled (especially, introjected) motivation into autonomous (i.e., intrinsic and identified) motivation. In contrast, participants’ regret about not having enjoyed themselves in the long term negatively predicted autonomous motivation in a subsequent examination. These results indicated that participants’ regret about neglecting their studies contributed to internalization, but regret about not having enjoyed themselves interfered with this. We discussed new insights for both educational practices and psychological theories.
県立高校の高校1年生を対象に、2度の定期考査を挟んで複数回の質問紙調査を行い、定期考査の前の勉強への動機づ けと、定期考査の直後や時間が経った後に感じていた「もっと勉強しておけばよかった」「もっと自分の楽しめることをしておけばよかった」という異なる種類の後悔との関連を検討しました。定期考査の直後に「もっと勉強しておけばよかった」と強く後悔していたほど、次の定期考査で自律的な動機づけが高く、時間が経ってから生じた「もっと自分の楽しめることをしておけばよかった」という後悔が強いほど、後の試験の際に自律的な動機づけが低いという結果が得られました。
Kuwabara et al. (2014)
Kuwabara, K., Vogt, S., Watabe, M.(渡部幹), & Komiya, A.(小宮あすか) (2014). Trust, Cohesion, and Cooperation After Early Versus Late Trust Violations in Two-Person Exchange: The Role of Generalized Trust in the United States and Japan 二者間の交換における信頼違反後の信頼・凝集性・協力 Social Psychology Quarterly. doi: 10.1177/0190272514546757We examine how the timing of trust violations affects cooperation and solidarity, including trust and relational cohesion. Past studies that used repeated Prisoner’s Dilemmas suggest that trust violations are more harmful when they occur in early rather than later interactions. We argue that this effect of early trust violations depends on cultural and individual differences in generalized trust. A laboratory study from high- and low-trust cultures (the United States vs. Japan) supported our claim. First, early trust violations were more harmful than late trust violations, but only for Americans; the pattern reversed for Japanese. Second, these patterns were mediated by individual differences in generalized trust. Finally, generalized trust also moderated the effect of trust violations in the United States but not Japan. By demonstrating that generalized trust is not only lower but also less important in low-trust cultures, our research advances our understanding of how culture affects the development of solidarity in exchange relations.
Tanaka & Ikegami (2015)
Tanaka, H.（田中宏明）& Ikegami, T.（池上知子） (2015). Fear of negative evaluation moderates effects of social exclusion on selective attention to social signs. Cognition & Emotion. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2014.977848Previous studies demonstrated that fear of negative evaluation (FNE) moderates responses to exclusion in late-stage social outcomes (e.g., social judgements and behaviours). People with low levels of FNE show affiliative responses, feeling compelled to recover their sense of belonging, whereas people with high levels of FNE do not. This study examined whether FNE also moderates responses to exclusion in early-stage interpersonal perception, manifested in selective attention. The experiment using a dot-probe task revealed that exclusion led participants with low levels of FNE to increase attention to signs of social acceptance (i.e., smiling faces). It also revealed that exclusion led those with high levels of FNE to pay more attention to signs of social threat (i.e., angry faces) relative to those of social acceptance. Thus, exclusion makes the motivation to protect oneself from social threats dominant over the motivation to reestablish social bonds among those who fear negative evaluation.