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Yanagisawa et al. (2013)
Yanagisawa, K.（柳澤邦昭）, Masui, K.（増井啓太）, Furutani, K.（古谷嘉一郎）, Nomura, M.（野村理朗）, Yoshida, H., & Ura, M.（浦光博） (2013). Family socioeconomic status modulates the coping-related neural response of offspring. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 6, 617-622. doi: 10.1093/scan/nss039
Substantial research links economic adversity to poor coping in stressful or threatening environments. Neuroimaging studies suggest that activation of the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (rVLPFC) plays a key role in self-control, and it seems that individual differences in neurocognitive systems underlying self-control are determined in part by subjective childhood socioeconomic status (SES). The present study used near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to investigate whether subjective childhood SES moderates rVLPFC activity during one form of threatening environment: social exclusion. Twenty-five undergraduates participated in a NIRS session in which they were socially included and then excluded during an online ball-tossing game. Lower subjective childhood SES was associated with higher levels of social distress and lower levels of rVLPFC activity during social exclusion. The present findings suggest that early family environments are reliably associated with deficits in offspring coping resources and processes, as well as with difficulties in regulating interpersonal circumstances.
Sakamoto et al. (2014)
Sakamoto, S. (坂本真士), Tanaka, E., Kameyama, A.(亀山晶子), Takizawa, T., Takizawa, S., Fujishima, S., ... & Ono, Y. (2014). The effects of suicide prevention measures reported through a psychoeducational video: A practice in Japan. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 0020764013518689. doi: 10.1177/0020764013518689
Background: As the suicide rate in Japan has remained high since 1998, various suicide prevention measures have been implemented in Japanese local communities.
Aims: To report our findings on the effect of a psychoeducational video as a suicide prevention measure in a Japanese rural town.
Methods: Questionnaires were randomly mailed to 2,000 residents aged between 30 and 79 years. Within 4 weeks, volunteers in the town visited the residents individually and collected the questionnaires. The variables reported in this study are demographics, awareness of suicide prevention measures available in the town, whether the residents watched the video, help-seeking from advisers regarding suicidal ideation and financial problems and attitudes towards suicide.
Results: We analysed data collected from 1,118 people who reported their demographics (i.e. sex, age, and job) and whether they had watched the video. By conducting a series of logistic regression and multiple regression analyses and controlling for demographic variables, we found that watching the video had substantial psychoeducational effects.
Conclusion: Despite conducting a cross-sectional study, our new suicide prevention measures were considered effective for psychoeducation. However, further studies using a longitudinal design are needed.
Takemura (2014)
Takemura, K. (竹村和久) Behavioral Decision Theory and Good Decision Making: Psychological and Mathematical Descriptions of Human Choice Behavior. Springer, Japan. ISBN: 978-4-431-54579-8 (Print) 978-4-431-54580-4 (Online)
- Presents the conceptual and mathematical framework of decision-making processes and explains how decision making can be better understood and explained
- Provides a re-interpretation of existing theories and proposes a new overview of decision behaviors by integrating mathematical and psychological perspectives
- Introduces a new behavioral decision theory that differs substantially from the theoretical system proposed by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky
Toyokawa et al.(2014)
Toyokawa, W.（豊川航）, Kim, H-r. （金恵璘）, & Kameda, T.（亀田達也） (2014). Human Collective Intelligence under Dual Exploration-Exploitation Dilemmas. PLoS ONE, 9(4), e95789. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095789
The exploration-exploitation dilemma is a recurrent adaptive problem for humans as well as non-human animals. Given a fixed time/energy budget, every individual faces a fundamental trade-off between exploring for better resources and exploiting known resources to optimize overall performance under uncertainty. Colonies of eusocial insects are known to solve this dilemma successfully via evolved coordination mechanisms that function at the collective level. For humans and other non-eusocial species, however, this dilemma operates within individuals as well as between individuals, because group members may be motivated to take excessive advantage of others’ exploratory findings through social learning. Thus, even though social learning can reduce collective exploration costs, the emergence of disproportionate “information scroungers” may severely undermine its potential benefits. We investigated experimentally whether social learning opportunities might improve the performance of human participants working on a “multi-armed bandit” problem in groups, where they could learn about each other’s past choice behaviors. Results showed that, even though information scroungers emerged frequently in groups, social learning opportunities reduced total group exploration time while increasing harvesting from better options, and consequentially improved collective performance. Surprisingly, enriching social information by allowing participants to observe others’ evaluations of chosen options (e.g., Amazon’s 5-star rating system) in addition to choice-frequency information had a detrimental impact on performance compared to the simpler situation with only the choice-frequency information. These results indicate that humans groups can handle the fundamental “dual exploration-exploitation dilemmas” successfully, and that social learning about simple choice-frequencies can help produce collective intelligence.
Takano (2013)
Takano, Y. （高野陽太郎） (2013). Japanese Culture Explored Through Experimental Design. A. Kurylo (Ed.), Inter/Cultural Communication. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. pp. 405-412. ISBN: 978-1-4129-8693-9
［概要］
異文化間コミュニケーションについての教科書の１章です。
西欧では、近代の西欧文化を「個人主義」と規定し、他の文化を「集団主義」と規定するイデオロギーが発達しました。このイデオロギーをベースに、「欧米人は個人主義的、日本人は集団主義的」という認識が広まり、これが「日本人論」の中心的なドグマになりました。このドグマは、近年、心理学的な比較文化研究のベースにもなっています。
ところが、1980年代から90年代にかけて盛んに行なわれた集団主義・個人主義に関する実証的な国際比較研究のうち、「世界で最も個人主義的」と考えられてきたアメリカ人と「世界で最も集団主義的」と考えられてきた日本人を直接比較した研究を総覧してみたところ、アメリカ人と日本人のあいだには、そのような差異は全く認められないことがわかりました（Takano & Osaka, 1999）。
実証的な研究のうち、同調行動の研究については、「実験の参加者が内集団のメンバーではなかったので、日本人の場合も、集団に同調するという行動が生じなかったのではないか」という疑義が呈されました。この疑問に答えるために、日本で内集団のメンバーを対象にした実験を行なったのですが、この章では、主にその実験を紹介しています。実験の結果、日本人は、内集団のメンバーであっても、アメリカ人と同程度にしか集団に同調しないことが明らかになりました。
この章の末尾では、「文化差」が、他集団に対する敵意を煽ろうとする政治的な目的にしばしば利用されてきたことを指摘し、「文化差」の主張には確固とした実証的な根拠が不可欠であることを強調しています。
［補足情報］
この章は、Takano & Sogon (2008) を教科書向けに短縮し、書き直したものです。Takano & Sogon (2008) は、高野（2008）でも紹介しました。この章の一節は、パーソナリティ心理学の教科書 (Funder, 2012) に引用されています。
- Takano, Y. & Osaka, E. (1999). An unsupported common view: Comparing Japan and the U.S. on individualism/collectivism. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 2, 311-341.
- 高野陽太郎 (2008). 『「集団主義」という錯覚』 新曜社
- Takano, Y. & Sogon, S. (2008). Are Japanese more collectivistic than Americans?: Examining conformity in in-groups and the reference-group effect. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39, 237-250.
- Funder, D. C. (2012). The Personality Puzzle (6th ed). Norton.
Ishii et al. (2014)
Ishii, K.（石井敬子）, Kim, H. S., Joni Y. Sasaki, J. S., Shinada, M. （品田瑞穂）, & Kusumi, I. (2014). Culture modulates sensitivity to the disappearance of facial expressions associated with serotonin transporter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) Culture and Brain, March 2014 doi: 10.1007/s40167-014-0014-8
The present research investigated an association between the serotonin transporter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and sensitivity to the disappearance of facial expressions cross-culturally and found, for the first time, that cultural norms and practices modulate the association. Participants watched both happy-to-neutral and sad-to-neutral movies and judged the point at which the emotional expressions disappeared. As predicted, the results showed that Japanese with the s/s genotype detected the disappearance of facial expressions (particularly the disappearance of smiles) with greater perceptual efficiency than did those with s/l and l/l genotypes, whereas such a tendency was not found in Americans. This suggests that people with the s/s genotype of 5-HTTLPR are more sensitive to environmental changes, but only when the change is culturally important, compared to people with the long allele. Moreover, Asian Americans’ pattern was much more similar to European Americans than to Japanese, supporting the idea that the differences between cultural groups are indeed due to different cultural experiences.
Shiratori et al. (2014)
Shiratori, Y., Tachikawa, H., Nemoto, K., Endo, G., Aiba, M.（相羽美幸）, Matsui, Y.（松井豊）, & Asada, T. (2014). Network analysis for motives in suicide cases: A cross-sectional study. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. Article first published online doi: 10.1111/pcn.12132
Aim
Suicide victims have various distresses or motives. There are few studies on how these motives toward suicide relate with each other. We used network analyses to extract the structures of correlations among the motives for suicide.
Methods
We obtained datasets of suicide victims from 2007–2009 in Japan in cooperation with Ibaraki Prefectural Police Headquarters. The data were analyzed by network centrality measures and a structural analysis by block modeling.
Results
Among the motives, depression and physical illness showed relatively high scores of ‘degree centrality’, whereas depression and unemployment showed relatively high scores of ‘betweenness centrality’. Structural analysis by block modeling resulted in eight blocks. The most important block comprised eight motives, including conflict between parent and child, marital conflict, economic hardship, and overloaded with debt.
Conclusion
Depression and physical illness were important and priority areas for completed suicides, although these two motives had different influences on suicide behaviors. Furthermore, structural analysis revealed the important role of a block, including some familial and financial motives, which induced hopelessness. Our results suggest that it might be useful to consider the common ways in which motivations for suicide are tied together when suicide intervention is launched from a social model point of view.”
Ohtomo & Onuma (2014)
Ohtomo, S. (大友章司) & Ohnuma, S. (大沼進) (2014). Psychological intervention to reduce resource consumption: reducing plastic bag usage at supermarkets. Resources Conservation & Recycling, 84, 57-65. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.12.014
A field study was conducted to investigate the reduction of plastic bag usage at supermarkets. Many behaviors leading to potential damage to the environment may be unintentional. This study applied a dual motivation model to plastic bag usage and examined the effects of an intervention aimed at promoting pro-environmental behavior. A voice prompt intervention was implemented in Japanese supermarkets. In the first (control) week, shoppers were given free plastic bags by the cashier. In the second (intervention) week, cashiers asked shoppers whether they wanted plastic bags. We collected observational and questionnaire measures of variables that predicted free plastic bag usage during the intervention. The results supported a dual motivation model of behavioral change. The voice prompt decreased the usage of plastic bags by both discouraging unintentional usage and encouraging an intentional reduction in usage. Possibilities for interventions designed both to attenuate unintentional motivation and to promote intentional motivation are considered.
Watanabe et al. (2014)
Watanabe, T., Takezawa, M.(竹澤正哲), Nakawake, Y.(中分遥), Kunimatsu, A., Yamasue, H., Nakamura, M., Miyashita, Y., & Masuda, N. (2014). Two distinct neural mechanisms underlying indirect reciprocity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. Published ahead of print March 3, 2014 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1318570111Cooperation is a hallmark of human society. Humans often cooperate with strangers even if they will not meet each other again. This so-called indirect reciprocity enables large-scale cooperation among nonkin and can occur based on a reputation mechanism or as a succession of pay-it-forward behavior. Here, we provide the functional and anatomical neural evidence for two distinct mechanisms governing the two types of indirect reciprocity. Cooperation occurring as reputation-based reciprocity specifically recruited the precuneus, a region associated with self-centered cognition. During such cooperative behavior, the precuneus was functionally connected with the caudate, a region linking rewards to behavior. Furthermore, the precuneus of a cooperative subject had a strong resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) with the caudate and a large gray matter volume. In contrast, pay-it-forward reciprocity recruited the anterior insula (AI), a brain region associated with affective empathy. The AI was functionally connected with the caudate during cooperation occurring as pay-it-forward reciprocity, and its gray matter volume and rsFC with the caudate predicted the tendency of such cooperation. The revealed difference is consistent with the existing results of evolutionary game theory: although reputation-based indirect reciprocity robustly evolves as a self-interested behavior in theory, pay-it-forward indirect reciprocity does not on its own. The present study provides neural mechanisms underlying indirect reciprocity and suggests that pay-it-forward reciprocity may not occur as myopic profit maximization but elicit emotional rewards.
北海道大学プレスリリース記事
メディア紹介記事
Goto et al. (2014)
Goto, N.(後藤伸彦), Jetten, J., Karasawa, M.(唐沢穣), & Hornsey, M. J. (2014). The Sins of Their Fathers: When Current Generations Are Held to Account for the Transgressions of Previous Generations. Political Psychology, Article first published online: 12 FEB 2014. doi: 10.1111/pops.12172
When are current generations held accountable for transgressions committed by previous generations? In two studies, we test the prediction that current generations will only be assigned guilt for past atrocities when victim group members perceive high levels of cultural continuity between historical perpetrators and the current generation within the perpetrator group. Japanese participants were presented with information describing the current generation of Americans as either similar or dissimilar in personality to the Americans who were implicated in dropping the atomic bomb on Japan during World War II. The results of both studies revealed that victim group members assigned more guilt to current Americans when they perceived high (compared to low) outgroup continuity, and they did so relatively independently of the transgressor group’s guilt expressions.