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Dohi (2014)

Dohi,I. (土肥伊都子） (2014).
Gender Personality in Japanese Society: The determinants of femininity/masculinity, mental health, female-male relationships, and cultural factors.
日本社会のジェンダー・パーソナリティ
Union Press.
ISBN 978-4-946428-68-5
    This book consists of the following four parts and thirteen chapters in the parts.     Part I presents the concepts of Gender Personality and the determinant model of femininity/masculinity. In chapter1 the abstracts of concepts of Gender Personality, mainly femininity/masculinity are commented. It is hypothesized that femininity, which contains communion mainly, and masculinity, which contains agency mainly, consist of the following two factors; firstly Gender Schema, a kind of frame of cognition about gender, secondly Gender Identity, a kind of ego-identity, orientation for individuality of one’s own life style as females/males by managing needs of self and social expectations. Chapter2 describes about the development of Communion-Agency Scale(CAS) to measure both of positive and negative aspects of femininity/masculinity. In Chapter2 and Chapter3, the validity of the determinant model of femininity/masculinity is also examined. In Chapter4, the hypothesis about development of psychological androgyny, which is supposed to increase in elder people, is tested based on the research.     Part II is described about the relationships between Gender Personality and mental health or social adaptability. In Chapter5, it is clarified that masculinity facilitates Type A behavior pattern, in contrast, that femininity moderates the relationship between masculinity and the Type A behavior pattern in the case of both of females and males. In Chapter6, it is shown that femininity/ masculinity of both positive and negative aspects are severally related to getting social support, self-esteem, depression, etc. These results suggest that various sex differences of broader domains of mental disorder and syndromes can be explained from the viewpoints of Gender Personality. In Chapter7, it is clarified that psychological androgyny can make communication between females and males smoother, and decrease interpersonal stress.     In Part III, Gender Personality is discussed in relation with Japanese culture. In Chapter8, it is proposed that married couples or families are supposed to be minimum units socially, and it is expected that once peoples get married, they should be “one body, one mind”, and they should engage in their own given social roles whether their roles suit for them or not in Japanese society. Such culture may maintain and strengthen Japanese gender society, accordingly may make individuals to be gendered. These hypotheses are discussed and tested. And it is described that particularly in daily and privately situations such as married couple or family life, where socially invisible Shadow Works are executed, gender is easily maintained and strengthened. Concretely, intergenerational gender-related socialization within the family in Chapter9, the influences of Ie (a kind of Japanese traditional family system) and collectivism in Chapter10, the way to share payment for drinking between young females and males in Chapter11, and customs or attitudes toward sleeping behavior in Chapter12 are examined empirically.     Part IV consists in only one Chapter13, in which conclusions for the total book and preview for further studies are shown. Concretely, as distinctive features of Japanese society in related with Gender Personality, family is supposed to be a minimum unit for living in Japanese society. In fact, this normative idea has not already fit for the real society, but many social systems still follow it. Indirectly, Ie (Japanese traditional family system) consciousness and priorities for motherhood are inevitable to understand Japanese culture. By these Japanese cultural features, family-unit orientations, which make intimate male-female relationships such as married couples dependent each other, must become popular. In this chapter these social problems are discussed. In addition, the hypothesized model about the process, in which Japanese culture makes individuals gendered, and facilitates their orientation for family-unit relationships. Concretely, the orientation for family-unit relationships are influenced by social system such as social security, tax systems, marriage, and family resister, which make people dependent mutually. Furthermore, these social systems are previously from Japanese culture (gendered role involvement culture in workplace, accept for power distance, collectivism, etc.). Consequently， influenced by these cultural factors, family-unit orientation makes females feminine/ males masculine.
本著は，2000年以降に公刊された，著者のジェンダー・パーソナリティに関する社会心理学的研究と分担執筆した著書を，抜粋してまとめたものである．1970年代以前，性差とは生物学的性差のこととみなされてきたが，その後のジェンダー（社会的性）の視点に立った研究では，性差は社会が男女に対して異なる役割を与えた結果生じたものと考えられるようになった．そして現在では，本著のテーマであるジェンダー・パーソナリティをはじめとした，ジェンダーの心理学的研究が主流となっている。ただしそれらの多くは欧米で進められてきたもので，それ以外の文化圏にそのまま適用すべきでない研究も含まれる．そして日本人として見ると，日本の伝統的な家族制度や母性優位主義，そして家族を社会生活の最小単位として，あたかも夫婦を「個人」としてみなすような文化が，日本のジェンダー・パーソナリティを考える上で，きわめて重要ではないかと考えてきた。代表的な例として，アメリカでBem(1974)が提唱した心理的両性具有性は，個の確立を重視する欧米社会では受け入れやすいであろうが，調和を重視し，集団や家族があってこその個人と考える傾向の強い日本社会では，個人として心理的に両性具有であることが，あまり重要な特性であるとみなされていないのではないかというのが，本著で最も関心のある点のひとつである。おそらく，それぞれの社会で，どのようなジェンダー・パーソナリティが望ましいのかを実証的に検討することは，それぞれの社会の価値観を明らかにすることにもつながるであろう。そこで，本著をまとめるにあたり，こうした日本独自のジェンダーに関連の強い研究論文を優先して，掲載することとした．

Sueda (2014)

Sueda, K. （末田清子） (2014).
Negotiating multiple identities: Shame and pride among Japanese returnees.
Springer.
ISBN: 978-9812870070
    The purpose of this book is to explore: 1) the relationship between face and identities; and 2) the role of shame and pride in negotiating multiple identities.  In reviewing the literature on face and identity/identities, there is a scarcity of research in at least three areas:  1) Few researchers have attempted to explore a possible relationship between the two terms ‘face’ and ‘identities’; 2) The issue of the emotions behind face has not been fully addressed; and 3) Although the multiplicity of identities is suggested theoretically, the dynamics of identity negotiation has not been studied much empirically. By looking at the emotions behind face, such as shame and pride, I intend to explore a possible relationship between face and identities and the affective aspects of identity negotiation.
    Japanese returnee students (kikokushijo), who spent a considerable amount of time overseas because of their parent’s overseas assignment, were chosen as research participants for the first phase of research (from February 2000 to July 2001). Through interaction with at least 300 returnees for more than 15 years, I have found that some returnees identify strongly with the category of ‘returnees,’ and some do not.  For the second phase of research (from March 2010 to October 2011) participants, former Japanese returnees, who work in Japanese industry and commerce, were chosen. Three methods (The ‘Who am I?’ test, the PAC method, and participant observation) are used for the same participants. Methodological triangulation, utilizing multiple methods for the same research participants, is considered to lead me to the participants’ inner perception of face, their emotional state, and the dynamics of negotiating their multiple-layering of identities in the real world.
    The following conclusions are drawn: 1) Face is an indicator of one’s emotional state and the degree of how much one identifies with a particular kind of identity; 2) When one’s face is threatened or lost within a particular kind of identity, whether or not the pertinent identity can be strengthened depends on how one goes about managing shame; and 3) When one has lost one’s face within a particular kind of identity, one has to restore a sense of pride within the same kind of identity. The present study has possible educational, social and political implications, and makes a theoretical as well as methodological contribution. Particularly, by looking at how Japanese returnees and former returnees exhibit or hide their English ability at school and workplace, Japanese people’s ideas on globalisation can be explored.
 
　本書では、「帰国子女」と呼ばれる大学生と「元帰国子女」と呼ばれる社会人に対して２期(11年間)に亘り行った調査結果に基づき、アイデンティティ調整におけるフェイス（面子）とその背後のシェイム(shame)とプライド(自尊心)の役割について一考察を提示する。
　理論的枠組みのひとつは、フェイス(face)の情動的側面に着目したScheff（1997）のshame （以降シェイム）とpride[以降、プライド（自尊心）]である。ここでいうシェイムとは、自分が拒否されたり否定されたりしたときに伴う感情で、人と人あるいは人と社会の絆を脅かすものである。一方、プライドは自分の置かれた状況や自分自身を心地よく受け入れるという自尊心を指し、人と人あるいは人と社会の絆を強化するものである。
　本研究では、１）解釈主義的アプローチに基づき、調査参加者の視点から社会的現実を探索し、２）同じ調査参加者を３つの手法（ The “Who am I?” test, PAC分析、参与観察）によって調査し、そのデータの共通項、矛盾点、補完部分等を総合的に解釈するトライアンギュレーションを行い、３）調査参加者すべてが、「帰国子女」というアイデンティティに思い入れをもつという前提を崩して調査を行った。
調査を通して、ある状況でフェイス（面子）が脅かされる（潰される）ような経験をした場合に、調査参加者たちがどのようにシェイムに向き合うかが、そのアイデンティティに思い入れを持つか否かに影響を与えるということがわかった。つまり、自らのシェイムに正面から向き合い(acknowledged)、プライド（自尊心）を取り戻したとき、当該のアイデンティティは強化される。しかし、シェイムに気づかない(unacknowledged)か、迂回されるとき(bypassed)、アイデンティティは強化されず、そのアイデンティティに思い入れをもつことはないということがわかった。なお、ここで得られた知見は転用可能性が示唆されている。
 
　PAC分析の解説およびPAC分析で行った調査結果を英語で初めて執筆した本かと思います。

Miyamoto et al. (2013)

Miyamoto, Y.（宮本百合）, Boylan, J. M., Coe, C. L., Curhan, K., Levine, C. S., Markus, H. R., et al. (2013). 
Negative emotions predict elevated interleukin-6 in the United States but not in Japan. 
Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 34, 79-85.
Previous studies conducted in Western cultures have shown that negative emotions predict higher levels of pro-inflammatory biomarkers, specifically interleukin-6 (IL-6). This link between negative emotions and IL-6 may be specific to Western cultures where negative emotions are perceived to be problematic and thus may not extend to Eastern cultures where negative emotions are seen as acceptable and normal. Using samples of 1044 American and 382 Japanese middle-aged and older adults, we investigated whether the relationship between negative emotions and IL-6 varies by cultural context. Negative emotions predicted higher IL-6 among American adults, whereas no association was evident among Japanese adults. Furthermore, the interaction between culture and negative emotions remained even after controlling for demographic variables, psychological factors (positive emotions, neuroticism, extraversion), health behaviors (smoking status, alcohol consumption), and health status (chronic conditions, BMI). These findings highlight the role of cultural context in shaping how negative emotions affect inflammatory physiology and underscore the importance of cultural ideas and practices relevant to negative emotions for understanding of the interplay between psychology, physiology, and health.

Miyamoto et al. (2014)

Miyamoto, Y.（宮本百合）, Ma, X., & Petermann, A. G. (2014).
Cultural differences in hedonic emotion regulation after a negative event.  [Final Draft]
Emotion.
Beliefs about emotions can influence how people regulate their emotions. The present research examined whether Eastern dialectical beliefs about negative emotions lead to cultural differences in how people regulate their emotions after experiencing a negative event. We hypothesized that, because of dialectical beliefs about negative emotions prevalent in Eastern culture, Easterners are less motivated than Westerners to engage in hedonic emotion regulation—up-regulation of positive emotions and down-regulation of negative emotions. By assessing online reactions to a recent negative event, Study 1 found that European Americans are more motivated to engage in hedonic emotion regulation. Furthermore, consistent with the reported motivation to regulate emotion hedonically, European Americans show a steeper decline in negative emotions 1 day later than do Asians. By examining retrospective memory of reactions to a past negative event, Study 2 further showed that cultural differences in hedonic emotion regulation are mediated by cultural differences in dialectical beliefs about motivational and cognitive utility of negative emotions, but not by personal deservingness or self-efficacy beliefs. These findings demonstrate the role of cultural beliefs in shaping emotion regulation and emotional experiences.

Yanagisawa et al. (2013)

Yanagisawa, K.（柳澤邦昭）, Kashima. E. S., Moriya. H., Masui, K.（増井啓太）, Furutani, K.（古谷嘉一郎）, Nomura, M.（野村理朗）, Yoshida, H., & Ura, M.（浦光博） (2013).
Non-conscious neural regulation against mortality concerns.
Neuroscience Letters, 552(27), 35-39.
doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.07.027
Social psychological studies have shown that an experience of threat such as an encounter with death-related stimuli and social exclusion results in tuning toward positive emotional information. Neuroimaging studies have also begun to uncover the neural basis of threat coping, and in this literature, the activity of the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (rVLPFC) has been suggested to play a key role in detection and regulation of threats. Using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), we examined the activity of rVLPFC while participants were subliminally primed with the concept of “death” or the control concept “pain”. We found greater rVLPFC activities relative to the prior baseline in the death prime condition, and furthermore, these activities negatively correlated with the evaluation of the positive (but not negative) essay. These data provide initial evidence to suggest that lesser neuronal regulation of threat, when it is first encountered, may lead to subsequent regulation by affect tuning.

Yanagisawa et al. (2013)

Yanagisawa, K.（柳澤邦昭）, Masui, K.（増井啓太）, Furutani, K.（古谷嘉一郎）, Nomura, M.（野村理朗）, Yoshida, H., & Ura, M.（浦光博） (2013).
Family socioeconomic status modulates the coping-related neural response of offspring. 
Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 6, 617-622.
doi: 10.1093/scan/nss039
Substantial research links economic adversity to poor coping in stressful or threatening environments. Neuroimaging studies suggest that activation of the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (rVLPFC) plays a key role in self-control, and it seems that individual differences in neurocognitive systems underlying self-control are determined in part by subjective childhood socioeconomic status (SES). The present study used near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to investigate whether subjective childhood SES moderates rVLPFC activity during one form of threatening environment: social exclusion. Twenty-five undergraduates participated in a NIRS session in which they were socially included and then excluded during an online ball-tossing game. Lower subjective childhood SES was associated with higher levels of social distress and lower levels of rVLPFC activity during social exclusion. The present findings suggest that early family environments are reliably associated with deficits in offspring coping resources and processes, as well as with difficulties in regulating interpersonal circumstances.

Sakamoto et al. (2014)

Sakamoto, S. (坂本真士), Tanaka, E., Kameyama, A.(亀山晶子), Takizawa, T., Takizawa, S., Fujishima, S., ... & Ono, Y. (2014).
The effects of suicide prevention measures reported through a psychoeducational video: A practice in Japan. 
International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 0020764013518689.
doi: 10.1177/0020764013518689
Background: As the suicide rate in Japan has remained high since 1998, various suicide prevention measures have been implemented in Japanese local communities.
Aims: To report our findings on the effect of a psychoeducational video as a suicide prevention measure in a Japanese rural town.
Methods: Questionnaires were randomly mailed to 2,000 residents aged between 30 and 79 years. Within 4 weeks, volunteers in the town visited the residents individually and collected the questionnaires. The variables reported in this study are demographics, awareness of suicide prevention measures available in the town, whether the residents watched the video, help-seeking from advisers regarding suicidal ideation and financial problems and attitudes towards suicide.
Results: We analysed data collected from 1,118 people who reported their demographics (i.e. sex, age, and job) and whether they had watched the video. By conducting a series of logistic regression and multiple regression analyses and controlling for demographic variables, we found that watching the video had substantial psychoeducational effects.
Conclusion: Despite conducting a cross-sectional study, our new suicide prevention measures were considered effective for psychoeducation. However, further studies using a longitudinal design are needed.

Takemura (2014)

Takemura, K. (竹村和久)
Behavioral Decision Theory and Good Decision Making: Psychological and Mathematical Descriptions of Human Choice Behavior.
Springer, Japan.
ISBN: 978-4-431-54579-8 (Print) 978-4-431-54580-4 (Online)
  • Presents the conceptual and mathematical framework of decision-making processes and explains how decision making can be better understood and explained
  • Provides a re-interpretation of existing theories and proposes a new overview of decision behaviors by integrating mathematical and psychological perspectives
  • Introduces a new behavioral decision theory that differs substantially from the theoretical system proposed by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky

Toyokawa et al.(2014)

Toyokawa, W.（豊川航）, Kim, H-r. （金恵璘）, & Kameda, T.（亀田達也） (2014).
Human Collective Intelligence under Dual Exploration-Exploitation Dilemmas. 
PLoS ONE, 9(4), e95789.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095789
The exploration-exploitation dilemma is a recurrent adaptive problem for humans as well as non-human animals. Given a fixed time/energy budget, every individual faces a fundamental trade-off between exploring for better resources and exploiting known resources to optimize overall performance under uncertainty. Colonies of eusocial insects are known to solve this dilemma successfully via evolved coordination mechanisms that function at the collective level. For humans and other non-eusocial species, however, this dilemma operates within individuals as well as between individuals, because group members may be motivated to take excessive advantage of others’ exploratory findings through social learning. Thus, even though social learning can reduce collective exploration costs, the emergence of disproportionate “information scroungers” may severely undermine its potential benefits. We investigated experimentally whether social learning opportunities might improve the performance of human participants working on a “multi-armed bandit” problem in groups, where they could learn about each other’s past choice behaviors. Results showed that, even though information scroungers emerged frequently in groups, social learning opportunities reduced total group exploration time while increasing harvesting from better options, and consequentially improved collective performance. Surprisingly, enriching social information by allowing participants to observe others’ evaluations of chosen options (e.g., Amazon’s 5-star rating system) in addition to choice-frequency information had a detrimental impact on performance compared to the simpler situation with only the choice-frequency information. These results indicate that humans groups can handle the fundamental “dual exploration-exploitation dilemmas” successfully, and that social learning about simple choice-frequencies can help produce collective intelligence.

Takano (2013)

Takano, Y. （高野陽太郎） (2013).
Japanese Culture Explored Through Experimental Design.
A. Kurylo (Ed.), Inter/Cultural Communication. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. pp. 405-412.
ISBN: 978-1-4129-8693-9
［概要］
　異文化間コミュニケーションについての教科書の１章です。
　西欧では、近代の西欧文化を「個人主義」と規定し、他の文化を「集団主義」と規定するイデオロギーが発達しました。このイデオロギーをベースに、「欧米人は個人主義的、日本人は集団主義的」という認識が広まり、これが「日本人論」の中心的なドグマになりました。このドグマは、近年、心理学的な比較文化研究のベースにもなっています。
　ところが、1980年代から90年代にかけて盛んに行なわれた集団主義・個人主義に関する実証的な国際比較研究のうち、「世界で最も個人主義的」と考えられてきたアメリカ人と「世界で最も集団主義的」と考えられてきた日本人を直接比較した研究を総覧してみたところ、アメリカ人と日本人のあいだには、そのような差異は全く認められないことがわかりました（Takano & Osaka, 1999）。
　実証的な研究のうち、同調行動の研究については、「実験の参加者が内集団のメンバーではなかったので、日本人の場合も、集団に同調するという行動が生じなかったのではないか」という疑義が呈されました。この疑問に答えるために、日本で内集団のメンバーを対象にした実験を行なったのですが、この章では、主にその実験を紹介しています。実験の結果、日本人は、内集団のメンバーであっても、アメリカ人と同程度にしか集団に同調しないことが明らかになりました。
　この章の末尾では、「文化差」が、他集団に対する敵意を煽ろうとする政治的な目的にしばしば利用されてきたことを指摘し、「文化差」の主張には確固とした実証的な根拠が不可欠であることを強調しています。
［補足情報］
　この章は、Takano & Sogon (2008) を教科書向けに短縮し、書き直したものです。Takano & Sogon (2008) は、高野（2008）でも紹介しました。この章の一節は、パーソナリティ心理学の教科書 (Funder, 2012) に引用されています。