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Joshanloo et al. (2014)
Joshanloo, M., Lepshokova, Z., Panyusheva, T., Natalia, A., Poon, W., Yeung, V., Sundaram, S., Achoui, M., Asano, R.（浅野良輔）, Igarashi, T.（五十嵐祐）, Tsukamoto, S.（塚本早織）, Rizwan, M., Khilji, I., Ferreira, M. C., Pang, J., Ho, L., Han, G., Bae, J., & Jiang, D.-Y. (2014). Cross-Cultural Validation of Fear of Happiness Scale Across 14 National Groups. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(2), 246-264. doi: 10.1177/0022022113505357
A survey of the cultural notions related to happiness and the existing empirical evidence indicate that some individuals endorse the belief that happiness, particularly an immoderate degree of it, should be avoided. These beliefs mainly involve the general notion that happiness may lead to bad things happening. Using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis and multilevel modeling, this study investigates the measurement invariance, cross-level isomorphism, predictive validity, and nomological network of the fear of happiness scale across 14 nations. The results show that this scale has good statistical properties at both individual and cultural levels. The findings also indicate that this scale has the potential to add to the knowledge about how people conceive of, and experience, happiness across cultures.
Kobayashi & Inamasu (2015)
Kobayashi, T. (小林哲郎), & Inamasu, K. (稲増一憲) (2015). The knowledge leveling effect of portal sites. Communication Research, 42(4), 482-502. doi: 10.1177/0093650214534965
The new high-choice media environment has allowed entertainment-oriented people to avoid political news, resulting in a wider gap in political knowledge between entertainment- and newsoriented citizens. On the Internet, however, users tend to be concentrated into a handful of portal sites that offer a mixed information environment in which both news and entertainment are readily available. The simultaneous presentation of news and entertainment headlines on portal sites exposes entertainment-oriented people to the news, which may in turn narrow the knowledge gap between them and news-oriented people. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effects of exposure to major portal sites in Japan, where Yahoo! JAPAN attracts a large majority of Internet users. Two studies using self-reported exposure to portal sites (N = 838) and web browsing histories (N = 1000) demonstrated that even entertainment-oriented people can acquire political knowledge, and thus portal sites can serve as knowledge levelers.
Koizumi & Takagishi (2014)
Koizumi, M. & Takagishi, H.（高岸治人） (2014). The Relationship between Child Maltreatment and Emotion Recognition. PLOS ONE , 9(1): e86093. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086093
Child abuse and neglect affect the development of social cognition in children and inhibit social adjustment. The purpose of this study was to compare the ability to identify the emotional states of others between abused and non-abused children. The participants, 129 children (44 abused and 85 non-abused children), completed a children’s version of the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET). Results showed that the mean accuracy rate on the RMET for abused children was significantly lower than the rate of the non-abused children. In addition, the accuracy rates for positive emotion items (e.g., hoping, interested, happy) were significantly lower for the abused children, but negative emotion and neutral items were not different across the groups. This study found a negative relationship between child abuse and the ability to understand others’ emotions, especially positive emotions.
Marini et al.(2013)
Marini, M., Sriram, N., Schnabel, K., Maliszewski, N., Devos, T., Ekehammar, B., Wiers, R., Cai, H., Somogyi, M., Shiomura, K.(潮村公弘), Schnall, S., Neto, F., Bar-Anan, Y., Vianello, M., Ayala, A., Dorantes, G., Park, J., Kesebir, S., Pereira, A., Tulbure, B., Ortner, T., Stepanikova, I., Greenwald, A. G., & Nosek, B. A. (2013). Overweight People Have Low Levels of Implicit Weight Bias, but Overweight Nations Have High Levels of Implicit Weight Bias. PLoS ONE, 8(12), e83543. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083543
Although a greater degree of personal obesity is associated with weaker negativity toward overweight people on both explicit (i.e., self-report) and implicit (i.e., indirect behavioral) measures, overweight people still prefer thin people on average. We investigated whether the national and cultural context – particularly the national prevalence of obesity – predicts attitudes toward overweight people independent of personal identity and weight status. Data were collected from a total sample of 338,121 citizens from 71 nations in 22 different languages on the Project Implicit website (https://implicit.harvard.edu/) between May 2006 and October 2010. We investigated the relationship of the explicit and implicit weight bias with the obesity both at the individual (i.e., across individuals) and national (i.e., across nations) level. Explicit weight bias was assessed with self-reported preference between overweight and thin people; implicit weight bias was measured with the Implicit Association Test (IAT). The national estimates of explicit and implicit weight bias were obtained by averaging the individual scores for each nation. Obesity at the individual level was defined as Body Mass Index (BMI) scores, whereas obesity at the national level was defined as three national weight indicators (national BMI, national percentage of overweight and underweight people) obtained from publicly available databases. Across individuals, greater degree of obesity was associated with weaker implicit negativity toward overweight people compared to thin people. Across nations, in contrast, a greater degree of national obesity was associated with stronger implicit negativity toward overweight people compared to thin people. This result indicates a different relationship between obesity and implicit weight bias at the individual and national levels.
Kobayashi & Boase (2014)
Kobayashi, T.（小林哲郎） & Boase, J. (2014). Tele-cocooning: Mobile texting and social scope. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,19(3), 681-694. doi: 10.1111/jcc4.12064
The present study examines the tele-cocooning hypothesis in the context of general trust using a nationally representative survey of Japanese youth. We find that although frequency of texting is positively correlated with general trust, this correlation is spuriously caused by how heavy mobile texters interpret the words “most people” in the general trust measurement. Heavy users assume that “most people” only refers to friends, family, and others going to the same school. When the effect of the “most people” assumption is controlled, the positive association between texting and general trust disappears. Further exploration of the data shows that heavy texting nevertheless has negative implications for social tolerance and social caution, both of which are theoretically proximate to general trust.
Sakamoto (2013)
Sakamoto, A. （坂元 章） (2013). Japanese approach to research on psychological effects of use of media. K. E. Dill (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Media Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 496-510. ISBN: 9780195398809 doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195398809.001.0001
The main objective of this chapter is to illustrate Japanese trends in the study of the psychological effects of media exposure, particularly electronic media. The chapter describes: (1) the history of media tool dissemination in Japan and its current state; (2) the current state and background of Japanese studies on psychological effects ofuse of media, and characteristics of such studies in comparison with American studies; and (3) five types of actual or potential contributions of Japanese studies to global study trends. These five types were cross-cultural generalization of research findings, expansion of study areas, deepening of understanding of preceding study findings, execution of studies unique to Japan, and execution of social experiments using the process of media tool dissemination. After these descriptions, the chapter states a brief conclusion, and finally discusses the future direction of Japanese studies.
本章の主たる目的は、メディアとくに電子メディアの使用の心理的影響に関する日本の研究動向について解説することである。筆者は、(a)まず、日本におけるメディアの普及に関する経緯と現況について触れたうえで、(b)日本におけるメディア使用の心理的影響研究の現況と背景、および、こうした研究に関する米国と比較した場合の特徴について概説し、そして、(c)日本の研究が世界の研究動向に対して持っている５つの実際的あるいは潜在的な貢献について述べる。この５つは、文化を超えた一般化、研究領域の拡張、先行研究知見に対する理解の深化、日本独自の研究の実施、メディアの普及過程を捉えた社会実験の実施である。これらを記述した後、本章では、(d)短い結論を述べ、最後に、(e)日本の研究が進むべき将来の方向について論じる。
Prot et al.(2014)
Prot, S., Gentile, D. A., Anderson, C. A., Suzuki, K. (鈴木佳苗), ..., Horiuchi, Y.(堀内由樹子), ..., Sakamoto, A.(坂元章), ..., & Lam, B. C. P. (2014). Long-Term Relations Among Prosocial-Media Use, Empathy, and Prosocial Behavior Psychological Science, 25(2), 358-368. doi: 10.1177/0956797613503854Despite recent growth of research on the effects of prosocial media, processes underlying these effects are not well understood. Two studies explored theoretically relevant mediators and moderators of the effects of prosocial media on helping. Study 1 examined associations among prosocial– and violent-media use, empathy, and helping in samples from seven countries. Prosocial-media use was positively associated with helping. This effect was mediated by empathy and was similar across cultures. Study 2 explored longitudinal relations among prosocial-video-game use, violent-video-game use, empathy, and helping in a large sample of Singaporean children and adolescents measured three times across 2 years. Path analyses showed significant longitudinal effects of prosocial– and violent-video-game use on prosocial behavior through empathy. Latent-growth-curve modeling for the 2-year period revealed that change in video-game use significantly affected change in helping, and that this relationship was mediated by change in empathy.
Falk et al. (2013)
Falk, C. F., Heine, S. J., & Takemura, K.（竹村幸祐） (2013). Cultural variation in the minimal group effect. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(1), 137-153. doi: 10.1177/0022022113492892
The minimal group effect (MGE) is one of the most robust psychological findings in studies of intergroup conflict, yet there is little evidence comparing its magnitude across cultures. Recent evidence suggests that the MGE is due in part to a projection of one’s own perceived characteristics onto the novel in-group. Because of cultural variability in self-enhancement motivations, we thus expected that those from East Asian cultures would exhibit a diminished MGE relative to Westerners. A large and diverse sample of Japanese and American participants completed a traditional minimal group study. American participants were more likely to show an in-group bias in group identification, perceived group intelligence, perceived group personality traits, and resource allocation. Furthermore, these cultural differences were partially mediated by self-esteem. We discuss the implication of these findings for theories of intergroup conflict and suggest multiple directions for future cross-cultural research on the MGE.
Ishii (2013)
Ishii, K. （石井敬子） (2013). The meaning of happiness in Japan and the United States. In K. R. Scherer, J. R. J. Fontaine, & C. Soriano (Eds.), Components of emotional meaning: A sourcebook, pp. 473-476. ISBN: 9780199592746
About this book:
- Introduces a new instrument to assess the meaning of emotion words empirically providing several new assessment instruments that can be freely used
- Provides normative data for the meaning profiles for emotion words in 24 languages. This allows the reader to fine-tune the translation of emotion terms across languages
- Introduces a new approach to conceptualize emotion meaning providing the reader with a framework for analysis (the componential approach) useful across disciplines in the study of emotion
- Presents a new approach to analyze the meaning of emotion words cross-culturally which provides the reader with examples of differences in meaning between terms within and across languages and illustrations of the role of culture in shaping those meanings
Oda et al. (2013)
Oda, R., Shibata, A., Kiyonari, T. （清成透子）, Takeda, M. （武田美亜）, & Matsumoto‐Oda, A. (2013). Sexually dimorphic preference for altruism in the opposite sex according to recipient. British Journal of Psychology, 104(4), 577-584. doi: 10.1111/bjop.12021
Sexual selection may affect human altruistic behavior. Evolutionary psychology predicts that human mate preference reflects sexual selection. We investigated sex differences in preference for opposite‐sex altruism according to recipient because the reasons for altruistic behavior differ according to the relationship between actor and recipient. We employed the Self‐Report Altruism Scale Distinguished by the Recipient, which was newly developed to evaluate altruism among Japanese undergraduates. We asked participants to evaluate preferences for each item based on the recipient of the altruistic behavior (family members, friends or acquaintances, and strangers). Preference for opposite‐sex altruism differed according to recipient, gender of the participant, and relationship type, and several significant interactions were observed among these factors. We suggest that whereas women use a potential partner’s altruism towards strangers as a costly signal of their resource‐holding potential when choosing a mate, they consider altruism towards family when they are in a long‐term relationship to ensure that resources are not allocated to non‐relatives.