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Ogihara & Uchida (2014)
Ogihara, Y. (荻原祐二), & Uchida, Y. (内田由紀子) (2014). Does individualism bring happiness? Negative effects of individualism on interpersonal relationships and happiness. Frontiers in Psychology, 5:135. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00135
We examined the negative effects of individualism in an East Asian culture. Although individualistic systems decrease interpersonal relationships through competition, individualistic values have prevailed in European American cultures. One reason is because individuals could overcome negativity by actively constructing interpersonal relationships. In contrast, people in East Asian cultures do not have such strategies to overcome the negative impact of individualistic systems, leading to decreased well-being. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the relationship between individualistic values, number of close friends, and subjective well-being (SWB). Study 1 indicated that individualistic values were negatively related with the number of close friends and SWB for Japanese college students but not for American college students. Moreover, Study 2 showed that even in an individualistic workplace in Japan, individualistic values were negatively related with the number of close friends and SWB. We discuss how cultural change toward increasing individualism might affect interpersonal relationships and well-being.
関連報道：
Hitokoto & Uchida (2014)
Hitokoto, H., & Uchida, Y. (内田由紀子) (2014). Interdependent Happiness: Theoretical Importance and Measurement Validity. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1-29. doi: 10.1007/s10902-014-9505-8
We proposed the concept of “interdependent happiness,” which is interdependently pursued and attained. A nine-item Interdependent Happiness Scale (IHS) was developed to measure the happiness of individuals who are relationally oriented, quiescent and ordinary. Interdependent happiness correlated with both subjective well-being (SWB) and interdependent self-construal among Japanese students (Study 1); their SWB was more likely to be explained by IHS than the SWB of American students (Study 2); and IHS explained the SWB of working adults in the US, Germany, Japan, and Korea (Study 3) and Japanese adults and elders from collectivist regions of the country (Study 4). Cultural and cross-cultural psychological perspectives were incorporated to shed new light on collective happiness
Kawamoto et al. (2014)
Kawamoto, T. (川本大史), Nittono, H., & Ura. M. (浦光博) (2014). Social exclusion induces early-stage perceptual and behavioral changes in response to social cues. Social Neuroscience, 9(2), 174-185. doi: 10.1080/17470919.2014.883325
Social exclusion is so aversive that it causes broad cognitive and behavioral changes to regulate the individual’s belonging status. The present study examined whether such changes also occur at early neural or automatic behavioral levels in response to social cues. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and facial electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded during a task in which participants viewed smiling, disgusted, and neutral faces after experiencing social exclusion or inclusion. Social exclusion was manipulated using a simple ball-tossing game (Cyberball), and need threat was assessed after the game. We found that zygomaticus major muscle activity, which reflects facial mimicry, was larger in response to smiling faces after exclusion than after inclusion. In addition, P1 amplitude, which reflects visual attention, was larger for disgusted faces than for neutral faces following social exclusion. N170 amplitude, which reflects structural encoding of the face, was correlated with heightened need threat. These findings demonstrate that social exclusion induces immediate and rapid changes in attention, perception, and automatic behavior. These findings reflect the rapid and primary regulation of belonging.
Joshanloo et al. (2014)
Joshanloo, M., Lepshokova, Z., Panyusheva, T., Natalia, A., Poon, W., Yeung, V., Sundaram, S., Achoui, M., Asano, R.（浅野良輔）, Igarashi, T.（五十嵐祐）, Tsukamoto, S.（塚本早織）, Rizwan, M., Khilji, I., Ferreira, M. C., Pang, J., Ho, L., Han, G., Bae, J., & Jiang, D.-Y. (2014). Cross-Cultural Validation of Fear of Happiness Scale Across 14 National Groups. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(2), 246-264. doi: 10.1177/0022022113505357
A survey of the cultural notions related to happiness and the existing empirical evidence indicate that some individuals endorse the belief that happiness, particularly an immoderate degree of it, should be avoided. These beliefs mainly involve the general notion that happiness may lead to bad things happening. Using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis and multilevel modeling, this study investigates the measurement invariance, cross-level isomorphism, predictive validity, and nomological network of the fear of happiness scale across 14 nations. The results show that this scale has good statistical properties at both individual and cultural levels. The findings also indicate that this scale has the potential to add to the knowledge about how people conceive of, and experience, happiness across cultures.
Kobayashi & Inamasu (2015)
Kobayashi, T. (小林哲郎), & Inamasu, K. (稲増一憲) (2015). The knowledge leveling effect of portal sites. Communication Research, 42(4), 482-502. doi: 10.1177/0093650214534965
The new high-choice media environment has allowed entertainment-oriented people to avoid political news, resulting in a wider gap in political knowledge between entertainment- and newsoriented citizens. On the Internet, however, users tend to be concentrated into a handful of portal sites that offer a mixed information environment in which both news and entertainment are readily available. The simultaneous presentation of news and entertainment headlines on portal sites exposes entertainment-oriented people to the news, which may in turn narrow the knowledge gap between them and news-oriented people. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effects of exposure to major portal sites in Japan, where Yahoo! JAPAN attracts a large majority of Internet users. Two studies using self-reported exposure to portal sites (N = 838) and web browsing histories (N = 1000) demonstrated that even entertainment-oriented people can acquire political knowledge, and thus portal sites can serve as knowledge levelers.
Koizumi & Takagishi (2014)
Koizumi, M. & Takagishi, H.（高岸治人） (2014). The Relationship between Child Maltreatment and Emotion Recognition. PLOS ONE , 9(1): e86093. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086093
Child abuse and neglect affect the development of social cognition in children and inhibit social adjustment. The purpose of this study was to compare the ability to identify the emotional states of others between abused and non-abused children. The participants, 129 children (44 abused and 85 non-abused children), completed a children’s version of the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET). Results showed that the mean accuracy rate on the RMET for abused children was significantly lower than the rate of the non-abused children. In addition, the accuracy rates for positive emotion items (e.g., hoping, interested, happy) were significantly lower for the abused children, but negative emotion and neutral items were not different across the groups. This study found a negative relationship between child abuse and the ability to understand others’ emotions, especially positive emotions.
Marini et al.(2013)
Marini, M., Sriram, N., Schnabel, K., Maliszewski, N., Devos, T., Ekehammar, B., Wiers, R., Cai, H., Somogyi, M., Shiomura, K.(潮村公弘), Schnall, S., Neto, F., Bar-Anan, Y., Vianello, M., Ayala, A., Dorantes, G., Park, J., Kesebir, S., Pereira, A., Tulbure, B., Ortner, T., Stepanikova, I., Greenwald, A. G., & Nosek, B. A. (2013). Overweight People Have Low Levels of Implicit Weight Bias, but Overweight Nations Have High Levels of Implicit Weight Bias. PLoS ONE, 8(12), e83543. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083543
Although a greater degree of personal obesity is associated with weaker negativity toward overweight people on both explicit (i.e., self-report) and implicit (i.e., indirect behavioral) measures, overweight people still prefer thin people on average. We investigated whether the national and cultural context – particularly the national prevalence of obesity – predicts attitudes toward overweight people independent of personal identity and weight status. Data were collected from a total sample of 338,121 citizens from 71 nations in 22 different languages on the Project Implicit website (https://implicit.harvard.edu/) between May 2006 and October 2010. We investigated the relationship of the explicit and implicit weight bias with the obesity both at the individual (i.e., across individuals) and national (i.e., across nations) level. Explicit weight bias was assessed with self-reported preference between overweight and thin people; implicit weight bias was measured with the Implicit Association Test (IAT). The national estimates of explicit and implicit weight bias were obtained by averaging the individual scores for each nation. Obesity at the individual level was defined as Body Mass Index (BMI) scores, whereas obesity at the national level was defined as three national weight indicators (national BMI, national percentage of overweight and underweight people) obtained from publicly available databases. Across individuals, greater degree of obesity was associated with weaker implicit negativity toward overweight people compared to thin people. Across nations, in contrast, a greater degree of national obesity was associated with stronger implicit negativity toward overweight people compared to thin people. This result indicates a different relationship between obesity and implicit weight bias at the individual and national levels.
Kobayashi & Boase (2014)
Kobayashi, T.（小林哲郎） & Boase, J. (2014). Tele-cocooning: Mobile texting and social scope. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,19(3), 681-694. doi: 10.1111/jcc4.12064
The present study examines the tele-cocooning hypothesis in the context of general trust using a nationally representative survey of Japanese youth. We find that although frequency of texting is positively correlated with general trust, this correlation is spuriously caused by how heavy mobile texters interpret the words “most people” in the general trust measurement. Heavy users assume that “most people” only refers to friends, family, and others going to the same school. When the effect of the “most people” assumption is controlled, the positive association between texting and general trust disappears. Further exploration of the data shows that heavy texting nevertheless has negative implications for social tolerance and social caution, both of which are theoretically proximate to general trust.
Sakamoto (2013)
Sakamoto, A. （坂元 章） (2013). Japanese approach to research on psychological effects of use of media. K. E. Dill (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Media Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 496-510. ISBN: 9780195398809 doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195398809.001.0001
The main objective of this chapter is to illustrate Japanese trends in the study of the psychological effects of media exposure, particularly electronic media. The chapter describes: (1) the history of media tool dissemination in Japan and its current state; (2) the current state and background of Japanese studies on psychological effects ofuse of media, and characteristics of such studies in comparison with American studies; and (3) five types of actual or potential contributions of Japanese studies to global study trends. These five types were cross-cultural generalization of research findings, expansion of study areas, deepening of understanding of preceding study findings, execution of studies unique to Japan, and execution of social experiments using the process of media tool dissemination. After these descriptions, the chapter states a brief conclusion, and finally discusses the future direction of Japanese studies.
本章の主たる目的は、メディアとくに電子メディアの使用の心理的影響に関する日本の研究動向について解説することである。筆者は、(a)まず、日本におけるメディアの普及に関する経緯と現況について触れたうえで、(b)日本におけるメディア使用の心理的影響研究の現況と背景、および、こうした研究に関する米国と比較した場合の特徴について概説し、そして、(c)日本の研究が世界の研究動向に対して持っている５つの実際的あるいは潜在的な貢献について述べる。この５つは、文化を超えた一般化、研究領域の拡張、先行研究知見に対する理解の深化、日本独自の研究の実施、メディアの普及過程を捉えた社会実験の実施である。これらを記述した後、本章では、(d)短い結論を述べ、最後に、(e)日本の研究が進むべき将来の方向について論じる。
Prot et al.(2014)
Prot, S., Gentile, D. A., Anderson, C. A., Suzuki, K. (鈴木佳苗), ..., Horiuchi, Y.(堀内由樹子), ..., Sakamoto, A.(坂元章), ..., & Lam, B. C. P. (2014). Long-Term Relations Among Prosocial-Media Use, Empathy, and Prosocial Behavior Psychological Science, 25(2), 358-368. doi: 10.1177/0956797613503854Despite recent growth of research on the effects of prosocial media, processes underlying these effects are not well understood. Two studies explored theoretically relevant mediators and moderators of the effects of prosocial media on helping. Study 1 examined associations among prosocial– and violent-media use, empathy, and helping in samples from seven countries. Prosocial-media use was positively associated with helping. This effect was mediated by empathy and was similar across cultures. Study 2 explored longitudinal relations among prosocial-video-game use, violent-video-game use, empathy, and helping in a large sample of Singaporean children and adolescents measured three times across 2 years. Path analyses showed significant longitudinal effects of prosocial– and violent-video-game use on prosocial behavior through empathy. Latent-growth-curve modeling for the 2-year period revealed that change in video-game use significantly affected change in helping, and that this relationship was mediated by change in empathy.