日本の社会心理学者たちは，活発な研究活動を展開・公表しており，その成果は日本語による論文であれば例えば日本社会心理学会の機関誌である「社会心理学研究」等の学会誌に掲載され，また学術書として公刊されています．一方，当然のことながら学問に国境はなく，特に近年では国際的な論文誌や書籍にその成果が掲載されることも増えてきました．しかし，こうした国際的成果をくまなく知ることは，あまりにそのフィールドが広いためにあまり容易ではありませんでした．
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現在の掲載論文数は，551件です．
Marini et al.(2013)
Marini, M., Sriram, N., Schnabel, K., Maliszewski, N., Devos, T., Ekehammar, B., Wiers, R., Cai, H., Somogyi, M., Shiomura, K.(潮村公弘), Schnall, S., Neto, F., Bar-Anan, Y., Vianello, M., Ayala, A., Dorantes, G., Park, J., Kesebir, S., Pereira, A., Tulbure, B., Ortner, T., Stepanikova, I., Greenwald, A. G., & Nosek, B. A. (2013). Overweight People Have Low Levels of Implicit Weight Bias, but Overweight Nations Have High Levels of Implicit Weight Bias. PLoS ONE, 8(12), e83543. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083543
Although a greater degree of personal obesity is associated with weaker negativity toward overweight people on both explicit (i.e., self-report) and implicit (i.e., indirect behavioral) measures, overweight people still prefer thin people on average. We investigated whether the national and cultural context – particularly the national prevalence of obesity – predicts attitudes toward overweight people independent of personal identity and weight status. Data were collected from a total sample of 338,121 citizens from 71 nations in 22 different languages on the Project Implicit website (https://implicit.harvard.edu/) between May 2006 and October 2010. We investigated the relationship of the explicit and implicit weight bias with the obesity both at the individual (i.e., across individuals) and national (i.e., across nations) level. Explicit weight bias was assessed with self-reported preference between overweight and thin people; implicit weight bias was measured with the Implicit Association Test (IAT). The national estimates of explicit and implicit weight bias were obtained by averaging the individual scores for each nation. Obesity at the individual level was defined as Body Mass Index (BMI) scores, whereas obesity at the national level was defined as three national weight indicators (national BMI, national percentage of overweight and underweight people) obtained from publicly available databases. Across individuals, greater degree of obesity was associated with weaker implicit negativity toward overweight people compared to thin people. Across nations, in contrast, a greater degree of national obesity was associated with stronger implicit negativity toward overweight people compared to thin people. This result indicates a different relationship between obesity and implicit weight bias at the individual and national levels.
Kobayashi & Boase (2014)
Kobayashi, T.（小林哲郎） & Boase, J. (2014). Tele-cocooning: Mobile texting and social scope. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,19(3), 681-694. doi: 10.1111/jcc4.12064
The present study examines the tele-cocooning hypothesis in the context of general trust using a nationally representative survey of Japanese youth. We find that although frequency of texting is positively correlated with general trust, this correlation is spuriously caused by how heavy mobile texters interpret the words “most people” in the general trust measurement. Heavy users assume that “most people” only refers to friends, family, and others going to the same school. When the effect of the “most people” assumption is controlled, the positive association between texting and general trust disappears. Further exploration of the data shows that heavy texting nevertheless has negative implications for social tolerance and social caution, both of which are theoretically proximate to general trust.
Sakamoto (2013)
Sakamoto, A. （坂元 章） (2013). Japanese approach to research on psychological effects of use of media. K. E. Dill (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Media Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 496-510. ISBN: 9780195398809 doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195398809.001.0001
The main objective of this chapter is to illustrate Japanese trends in the study of the psychological effects of media exposure, particularly electronic media. The chapter describes: (1) the history of media tool dissemination in Japan and its current state; (2) the current state and background of Japanese studies on psychological effects ofuse of media, and characteristics of such studies in comparison with American studies; and (3) five types of actual or potential contributions of Japanese studies to global study trends. These five types were cross-cultural generalization of research findings, expansion of study areas, deepening of understanding of preceding study findings, execution of studies unique to Japan, and execution of social experiments using the process of media tool dissemination. After these descriptions, the chapter states a brief conclusion, and finally discusses the future direction of Japanese studies.
本章の主たる目的は、メディアとくに電子メディアの使用の心理的影響に関する日本の研究動向について解説することである。筆者は、(a)まず、日本におけるメディアの普及に関する経緯と現況について触れたうえで、(b)日本におけるメディア使用の心理的影響研究の現況と背景、および、こうした研究に関する米国と比較した場合の特徴について概説し、そして、(c)日本の研究が世界の研究動向に対して持っている５つの実際的あるいは潜在的な貢献について述べる。この５つは、文化を超えた一般化、研究領域の拡張、先行研究知見に対する理解の深化、日本独自の研究の実施、メディアの普及過程を捉えた社会実験の実施である。これらを記述した後、本章では、(d)短い結論を述べ、最後に、(e)日本の研究が進むべき将来の方向について論じる。
Prot et al.(2014)
Prot, S., Gentile, D. A., Anderson, C. A., Suzuki, K. (鈴木佳苗), ..., Horiuchi, Y.(堀内由樹子), ..., Sakamoto, A.(坂元章), ..., & Lam, B. C. P. (2014). Long-Term Relations Among Prosocial-Media Use, Empathy, and Prosocial Behavior Psychological Science, 25(2), 358-368. doi: 10.1177/0956797613503854Despite recent growth of research on the effects of prosocial media, processes underlying these effects are not well understood. Two studies explored theoretically relevant mediators and moderators of the effects of prosocial media on helping. Study 1 examined associations among prosocial– and violent-media use, empathy, and helping in samples from seven countries. Prosocial-media use was positively associated with helping. This effect was mediated by empathy and was similar across cultures. Study 2 explored longitudinal relations among prosocial-video-game use, violent-video-game use, empathy, and helping in a large sample of Singaporean children and adolescents measured three times across 2 years. Path analyses showed significant longitudinal effects of prosocial– and violent-video-game use on prosocial behavior through empathy. Latent-growth-curve modeling for the 2-year period revealed that change in video-game use significantly affected change in helping, and that this relationship was mediated by change in empathy.
Falk et al. (2013)
Falk, C. F., Heine, S. J., & Takemura, K.（竹村幸祐） (2013). Cultural variation in the minimal group effect. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(1), 137-153. doi: 10.1177/0022022113492892
The minimal group effect (MGE) is one of the most robust psychological findings in studies of intergroup conflict, yet there is little evidence comparing its magnitude across cultures. Recent evidence suggests that the MGE is due in part to a projection of one’s own perceived characteristics onto the novel in-group. Because of cultural variability in self-enhancement motivations, we thus expected that those from East Asian cultures would exhibit a diminished MGE relative to Westerners. A large and diverse sample of Japanese and American participants completed a traditional minimal group study. American participants were more likely to show an in-group bias in group identification, perceived group intelligence, perceived group personality traits, and resource allocation. Furthermore, these cultural differences were partially mediated by self-esteem. We discuss the implication of these findings for theories of intergroup conflict and suggest multiple directions for future cross-cultural research on the MGE.
Ishii (2013)
Ishii, K. （石井敬子） (2013). The meaning of happiness in Japan and the United States. In K. R. Scherer, J. R. J. Fontaine, & C. Soriano (Eds.), Components of emotional meaning: A sourcebook, pp. 473-476. ISBN: 9780199592746
About this book:
- Introduces a new instrument to assess the meaning of emotion words empirically providing several new assessment instruments that can be freely used
- Provides normative data for the meaning profiles for emotion words in 24 languages. This allows the reader to fine-tune the translation of emotion terms across languages
- Introduces a new approach to conceptualize emotion meaning providing the reader with a framework for analysis (the componential approach) useful across disciplines in the study of emotion
- Presents a new approach to analyze the meaning of emotion words cross-culturally which provides the reader with examples of differences in meaning between terms within and across languages and illustrations of the role of culture in shaping those meanings
Oda et al. (2013)
Oda, R., Shibata, A., Kiyonari, T. （清成透子）, Takeda, M. （武田美亜）, & Matsumoto‐Oda, A. (2013). Sexually dimorphic preference for altruism in the opposite sex according to recipient. British Journal of Psychology, 104(4), 577-584. doi: 10.1111/bjop.12021
Sexual selection may affect human altruistic behavior. Evolutionary psychology predicts that human mate preference reflects sexual selection. We investigated sex differences in preference for opposite‐sex altruism according to recipient because the reasons for altruistic behavior differ according to the relationship between actor and recipient. We employed the Self‐Report Altruism Scale Distinguished by the Recipient, which was newly developed to evaluate altruism among Japanese undergraduates. We asked participants to evaluate preferences for each item based on the recipient of the altruistic behavior (family members, friends or acquaintances, and strangers). Preference for opposite‐sex altruism differed according to recipient, gender of the participant, and relationship type, and several significant interactions were observed among these factors. We suggest that whereas women use a potential partner’s altruism towards strangers as a costly signal of their resource‐holding potential when choosing a mate, they consider altruism towards family when they are in a long‐term relationship to ensure that resources are not allocated to non‐relatives.
Omi et al. (2013)
Omi, Y. (尾見康博), Rodriguez, L. P., & Peralta-Gomez, M. C. (2013). Lives and Relationships: Culture in Transitions Between Social Roles (Advances in Cultural Psychology). Information Age Publishing. ISBN: 9781623964276(Paperback), 9781623964283(Hardcover), 9781623964290(eBook)A volume in Advances in Cultural Psychology Series Editor: Jaan Valsiner, Clark University This book brings to cultural psychology the focus on phenomenology of everyday life. Whether it is in the context of education, work, or exploration of life environments, the chapters in this book converge on the need to give attention to complex realities of everyday living. Thus, a description of pre-school organization in Japan would be in its form very different from school organization in Britain or Colombia-yet the realities of human beings acting in social roles are continuous around the world. （登録者から一言） この本の中で，A Field Study at a Japanese After-School Day-Care Facilityというタイトルの論文を書いています。これは社会心理学研究にリジェクトされた論文を改稿したものです（苦笑）。実質的なコーディネートはシリーズの監修者であるDr. Valsinerがしてくれましたし，本全体としては特に斬新さがあるわけでもありませんが，一度も会ったことのないコロンビア人と，初めての外国の出版社とのやりとりはなかなか得がたい経験でした。実は，論文よりもgeneral conclusionの内容の方が自分では気に入っています。
Imai & Masuda (2013)
Imai, M., & Masuda, T. （増田貴彦） (2013). The role of language and culture in universality and diversity of human concepts. In M. Gelfand, C-Y, Chiu, & Y-Y, Hong (eds.), Advances in culture and psychology (Volume 3), pp. 1-61. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN: 9780199930449
The influence of language and culture has been investigated across different research discipline such as anthropology, cognitive psychology, and cultural psychology, but such research all tends to ask whether the language (or culture) influences cognition in general, without clearly specifying what is meant by “language” or “culture.” This chapter proposes an alternative approach, whose aim is to specify a complex interplay among various factors–including unversal cognitive constraints, langage-specific biases, and culture-specific cognitive styles–to account for people’e behavior in a given cognitive task and the developmental trajectory of that behavior. To establish this point, four research programs examining the roles of language and culture in terms of construal and organization of object, relations among objects, and actions are reviewed.
言語と文化が、人間の心理プロセスに及ぼす影響は、人類学・言語学・心理学など様々な分野において検討されてきたが、多くの場合、自らの理論的主張が先行し、影響は「あるか？ないか？」という議論に終始しがちであり、影響の度合いからデータを詳細に検討するという試みは十分になされてこなかった。本章では、過去の心理言語学・認知心理学の研究をレビューし、言語の統語的あるいは語用論的側面が、心理プロセスに影響を与えた例、また、言語の影響を受けずに普遍的心理プロセスが見出された例について紹介している。最後に、言語と文化の定義の問題、および言語と文化のいずれが心理プロセスにより強く影響を与えるのかについての問題についての議論を紹介している。
Masuda et al. (2013)
Masuda, T. （増田貴彦）, Russell, M. J., Chen, Y. Y., Hioki, K. （日置孝一）, & Caplan, J. B. (2013). N400 Incongruity Effect in an Episodic Memory Task Reveals Different Strategies for Handling Irrelevant Contextual Information for Japanese than European Canadians. Cognitive Neuroscience, 32. doi: 10.1080/17588928.2013.831819
East Asians/Asian Americans show a greater N400 effect due to semantic incongruity between foreground objects and background contexts than European Americans (Goto, Ando, Huang, Yee, & Lewis, 2010). Using analytic attention instructions, we asked Japanese and European Canadians to judge, and later, remember, target animals that were paired with task-irrelevant original (congruent), or novel (incongruent) contexts. We asked: (1) whether the N400 also shows an episodic incongruity effect, due to retrieved contexts conflicting with later-shown novel 15 contexts; and (2) whether the incongruity effect would be more related to performance for Japanese, who have been shown to have more difficulty ignoring such contextual information. Both groups exhibited episodic incongruity effects on the N400, with Japanese showing more typical N400 topographies. However, incongruent-trial accuracy was related to reduction of N400s only for the Japanese.
Thus, we found that the N400 can reflect episodic incongruity which poses a greater challenge to Japanese than European Canadians.
過去の文化・社会心理学研究では、東アジア文化圏の人々は、北米文化圏の人々に比べ、ある事象を判断する際に状況要因を考慮に入れがちであることが報告されている。本研究では、ターゲット画像と背景画像に意味的なミスマッチが認知された際に生じるというN400という事象関連電位反応（ERP)に着目し、日本人とヨーロッパ系カナダ人にエピソード記憶課題に従事してもらった。結果は、日本人は、ヨーロッパ系カナダ人に比べ、ターゲット画像と背景画像の組み合わせにミスマッチがあった場合に生じるN400とh画像記憶の正確さとの間に正の相関がある、すなはち、ミスマッチ画像で判断に不正確さが増せば増すほど、N400の生じる度合いが高まるのに対し、ヨーロッパ系カナダ人では、このような相関は見られない、すなわち、N400の生じる度合いと記憶の正確さには特に関係がないというものだった。既存の文化・社会心理学の実験課題が事象関連電位研究のパラダイムにのり、新たな知見を生み出す可能性を示した研究である。