日本の社会心理学者たちは，活発な研究活動を展開・公表しており，その成果は日本語による論文であれば例えば日本社会心理学会の機関誌である「社会心理学研究」等の学会誌に掲載され，また学術書として公刊されています．一方，当然のことながら学問に国境はなく，特に近年では国際的な論文誌や書籍にその成果が掲載されることも増えてきました．しかし，こうした国際的成果をくまなく知ることは，あまりにそのフィールドが広いためにあまり容易ではありませんでした．
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Deguchi (2013)
Deguchi, T. （出口拓彦） (2013). A simulation of rule-breaking behavior in public places. Social Science Computer Review. (Prepublished on November 24, 2013) doi: 10.1177/0894439313511186
A computer simulation based on both game theory and the cellular automaton model was conducted to investigate the effects of individuals’ interactions and certain conditions on the spread of rule-breaking behavior in public places. Four decision matrices representing obedient, deviant, conforming, and contrary principles were prepared experimentally. The ratio of these principles ranged from 1:2:3:4 to 4:3:2:1 (obedient:deviant:conforming:contrary). There were a total of 24 data sets with each data set composed of 10 decision matrices. In addition to these 24 data sets, the ratio 1:1:1:1 was prepared. This data set was composed of four decision matrices. The results indicated that rule-breaking behavior spreads under the following conditions: (A) when people act according to both individual factors (e.g., their attitudes) and situational factors (e.g., their neighbors’ behavior); (B) when there are more deviant people than obedient people; (C) when the intensity of rule-breaking behavior is higher than that of rule-obeying behavior. Condition A is an important factor. If conditions B or C are satisfied, the spread of rule-breaking behavior does not occur necessarily. At a certain probability threshold, rule-breaking behavior spreads sharply when people act based on individual factors (e.g., their attitudes); the spread of such behavior cannot be attributed solely to situational factors (e.g., neighbors’ behavior). There is only a fine line between rule breaking and obeying near the probability threshold.
Scholer et al.(2014)
Scholer, A. A., Ozaki, Y. (尾崎由佳）, & E. T. Higgins (2014). Inflating and deflating the self: Sustaining motivational concerns through self-evaluation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 51, 60-73. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2013.11.008 The ways in which individuals think and feel about themselves play a significant role in guiding behavior across many domains in life. The current studies investigate how individuals may shift the positivity of self-evaluations in order to sustain their chronic or momentary motivational concerns. Specifically, we propose that more positive self-evaluations support eagerness that sustains promotion-focused concerns with advancement, whereas less positive self-evaluations support vigilance that sustains prevention-focused concerns with safety. The current studies provide evidence that self-evaluation inflation is associated with promotion concerns whereas self-evaluation deflation is associated with prevention concerns, whetherregulatory focus is situationally manipulated (Studies 1, 2b, and 3) or measured as a chronic individual difference (Study 2a). Following regulatory focus primes, individuals in a promotion focus showed relatively greater accessibility of positive versus negative self-knowledge compared to individuals in a prevention focus (Study 1). In an ongoing performance situation, participants in a promotion focus reported higher self-esteem than participants in a prevention focus (Studies 2a and 2b). Finally, individuals in a promotion focus persisted longer on an anagram task when given an opportunity to focus on their strengths versus weaknesses, which was not the case for individuals in a prevention focus (Study 3). Across studies, the predicted interactions were consistently obtained, although sometimes the effects were stronger for promotion or prevention motivation. We discuss implications for existing models of the motives underlying self-evaluation.
自分をどのくらいポジティブ／ネガティブに評価するか（自己評価の肯定性）は日々の生活で重要な役割を果たしている。本研究は、自己制御過程において特定の志向性を保ちつつ目標達成を目指すために、個人が自己評価の肯定性を戦略的に変動させることを検証した。すなわち、自己評価を高めることによって促進焦点的な志向性（前進と達成）を維持し、一方で自己評価を低めることで予防焦点的な志向性（警戒と安全）を維持することを、４つの研究によって示した。研究1, 2b, 3においては制御焦点を実験的に操作し、研究2aにおいては個人差を測定することによって、促進焦点的／予防焦点的志向性との関係性を検討した。
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Yamada et al.(2014)
Yamada, A.（山田歩）, Fukuda, H., Samejima, K., Kiyokawa, S., Ueda, K., Noba, S., & Wanikawa, A. (2014). The Effect of an Analytical Appreciation of Colas on Consumer Beverage Choice. Food Quality and Preference, 34, 1-4. doi: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2013.11.008
This experiment examined if the analysis of beverage taste changes the favorite drink of a taster. Participants blind-tasted two brands of cola, Coke and Pepsi. Those who were not asked to verbalize their reactions to each tended to prefer Coke over Pepsi; those who expressed them were more likely to favor Pepsi; and those who indicated an aversion to both showed no clear preference. Participants found it easier to describe their predilection for Pepsi than for Coke but experienced equal difficulty in verbalizing their negative reactions to both colas. These findings suggest that when people taste carefully they tend to focus on the attributes of drinks that they find salient and that seem relevant to their preferences, leading them to choose the one with these attributes as their favorite.
Nakayachi(2013)
Nakayachi, K. (中谷内一也) (2013). The Unintended Effects of Risk-Refuting Information on Anxiety. Risk Analysis, 33(1), 80-91. doi: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01852.x Best Paper for 2013 in Risk Analysis
Researchers in the field of risk perception have been asking why people are more worried about risk today than in years past. This article explores one possible answer to this question, associative anxiety. The affect heuristic and the mental network models suggest that anxiety triggered by information regarding a particular risk can spread to other risks of the same category. Research to date, however, has not examined how information refuting the particular risk can also be generalized across other risks. The article presents two experimental studies addressing this issue. Study 1 showed that when participants were presented with information based on a real train collision, they experienced increased anxiety not only about train collisions but also about public transportation in general. In contrast, those who were informed about the train collision case as well as the preventative measures implemented after the accident experienced decreased anxiety about train collisions but not about public transportation more generally. Study 2 measured the changes in participant anxiety about a genetically modified organism (GMO) and compared the influence of information about either the existence or nonexistence of its risk. Similar to Study 1, associative anxiety rippled through the risk category. The results also suggest that the follow-up information refuting the GMO risk reduced the anxiety toward the hazard drastically, but did not fully alleviate the anxiety toward other hazards in the category. The implications and the limitations of these studies are also discussed.
Nakayachi et al. (2015)
Nakayachi, K. (中谷内一也), Yokoyama, H.M. & Oki, S. (2015). Public Anxiety after the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake: Fluctuations in Hazard Perception After Catastrophe. Journal of Risk Research, 18(2), 156-169. doi: 10.1080/13669877.2013.875936
In 2011, Japan received a massive blow from the Tohoku Earthquake and the ensuing disaster at the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Generation Plant (hereafter, the Fukushima Nuclear Plant), with 18,000 people dead or missing, and more than 330,000 evacuated long-term. Anxiety among the people of Japan concerning earthquakes and nuclear accidents is higher than ever, but other hazards confront them as well. This research investigated whether the Japanese people’s anxiety about a variety of other hazards has increased or decreased since the Tohoku Earthquake. Based on the availability heuristic, the contrast effect, and the finite-pool-of-worry hypothesis, it was predicted that public anxiety about earthquakes and nuclear accidents would increase, but anxiety about other hazards would decrease. Data from two nationwide surveys conducted in January 2008 and January 2012 were compared to see the change in societal levels of anxiety toward 51 types of hazards. The results showed that anxiety had increased after the Tohoku Earthquake for only one hazard other than earthquakes and nuclear accidents. For 29 other hazards, anxiety levels had significantly decreased; and for 19 hazards, there was no significant change. These results support the prediction, indicating that post-disaster, overall anxiety levels for Japanese people tended to decline. Practical implications were discussed with a focus on problems that might be caused by the changes in anxiety level.
Yokoyama & Nakayachi (2014)
Yokoyama, H. M & Nakayachi, K. （中谷内一也） (in press). Public judgment on science expenditure in the national budget of Japan: An experimental approach to examining the effects of unpacking science. Public Understanding of Science, 23(5), 610-626. doi: 10.1177/0963662512456347
How does the public assess an appropriate financial allocation to science promotion? This article empirically examined the subadditivity effect in the judgment of budgetary allocation. Results of the first experiment showed that the ratio of the national budget allocated for science promotion by participants increased when science was decomposed into more specific categories compared to when it was presented as “science promotion” alone. Consistent with these findings, results of the second experiment showed that the allotment ratio to science promotion decreased when the number of other expenditure items increased. Meanwhile, the third experiment revealed that in the case of a budgetary cutback, the total amount taken from science promotion greatly increased when science was decomposed into subcategories. The subadditivity effect and increase in the total allotment ratio byunpacking science promotion was confirmed by these three experiments not only onbudgetary allocation but also on budgetary cutback.
Nogami & Yoshida (2013)
Nogami, T.（野上達也）, & Yoshida, F.(吉田富二雄) (2013). The pursuit of self‐interest and rule breaking in an anonymous situation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(4), 909-916. doi: 10.1111/jasp.12056
The present study examined whether psychological self-interest would instigate rule breaking in an anonymous situation. In total, 66 individuals were observed whether they would pursue material or psychological self-interest by breaking existing rules under the cloak of anonymity. Anonymity was defined to minimize accountability for one’s behavior, and was strictly manipulated to make all participants equally anonymous during the experiment. Results showed that only participants in the material-reward condition broke the rules, whereas those in the psychological-reward condition did not. Also, there was no difference found between the two conditions in subjective feelings of anonymity and public self-awareness although rule breaking was observed only in the material-reward condition. Implications for socially undesirable behavior in anonymous situations are discussed.
Yanagisawa et al. (2013)
Yanagisawa, K.(柳澤邦昭), Nishimura, T.(西村太志), Furutani, K.(古谷嘉一郎)，Ura, M.(浦光博) (2013). The effects of general trust on building new relationships after social exclusion: An examination of the 'Settoku Nattoku Game'. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 16(2), 133-141. doi: 10.1111/ajsp.12021
This study used the ‘Settoku Nattoku Game’ (SNG) to examine the effect of general trust on the formation of new relationships after social exclusion. The SNG is a game in which half of the players (the Persuaders) must try to convince the other half (the Persuaded) that a statement is true during an initial session (S1). The two groups then switch roles in a second session (S2). Following the SNG protocol, our dependent variable was the number of people sought out as interaction partners during S2. The frequency of being selected as an interaction partner by others during S1 (i.e. having experienced social exclusion or inclusion) significantly affected the number of interaction partners selected during S2. Those who were excluded during S1 engaged in fewer interactions with others during S2. However, this negative effect of social exclusion on subsequent interactions was moderated by general trust. After social exclusion, people low in general trust interacted less with others during S2 as compared to those who were included, but there was no such relationship for people high in general trust. On the contrary, socially excluded individuals high in general trust actively sought to build new relationships with those whom they did not interact with during S1. The relationship between general trust and interactions with others after a social exclusion experience is further discussed.
Iyengar et al.(2013)
Iyengar, S., Jackman, S., Messing, S., Valentino, N., Aalberg, T., Duch, R., Hahn, K. S., Soroka, S., Harell, A., & Kobayashi, T.（小林哲郎） (2013). Do attitudes about immigration predict willingness to admit individual immigrants? A cross-national test of the person-positivity bias. Public Opinion Quarterly, 73(3), 641-665. doi: 10.1093/poq/nft024This paper demonstrates that citizens in seven advanced industrialized democracies generally oppose more open immigration policies, but stand ready to admit individual immigrants. Using an experimental design, we demonstrate the applicability of the “person-positivity bias” to immigration and investigate the effects of economic and cultural “deservingness” on evaluations of individual immigrants. Our results show that immigrants from professional backgrounds elicit higher levels of support than unskilled workers. The bias against unskilled workers is enlarged among immigrants accompanied by families. In comparison with occupational status and the number of family dependents, the target immigrant’s cultural attributes—as measured by Middle Eastern nationality and Afrocentric appearance—prove relatively inconsequential as criteria for evaluating immigrants.
Ishii et al.(2014)
Ishii, K. (石井敬子), Miyamoto, Y. (宮本百合), Rule, N. O., & Toriyama, R. (鳥山理恵)(2014). Physical Objects as Vehicles of Cultural Transmission: Maintaining Harmony and Uniqueness Through Colored Geometric Patterns. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(2), 175-188. doi: 10.1177/0146167213508151
We examined how cultural values of harmony and uniqueness are represented and maintained through physical media (i.e., colorings of geometric patterns) and how individuals play an active role in selecting and maintaining such cultural values. We found that colorings produced by European American adults and children were judged as more unique, whereas colorings produced by Japanese adults and children were judged as more harmonious, reflecting cultural differences in values. Harmonyundergirded Japanese participants’ preferences for colorings, whereas uniquenessundergirded European American participants’ preferences for colorings. These cultural differences led participants to prefer own-culture colorings over other-culture colorings. Moreover, bicultural participants’ preferences acculturated according to their identification with their host culture. Furthermore, child rearers in Japan and Canada gave feedback about the children’s colorings that were consistent with their culture’s values. These findings suggest that simple geometric patterns can embody cultural values that are socialized and reinforced from an early age.