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Omi et al. (2013)
Omi, Y. (尾見康博), Rodriguez, L. P., & Peralta-Gomez, M. C. (2013). Lives and Relationships: Culture in Transitions Between Social Roles (Advances in Cultural Psychology). Information Age Publishing. ISBN: 9781623964276(Paperback), 9781623964283(Hardcover), 9781623964290(eBook)A volume in Advances in Cultural Psychology Series Editor: Jaan Valsiner, Clark University This book brings to cultural psychology the focus on phenomenology of everyday life. Whether it is in the context of education, work, or exploration of life environments, the chapters in this book converge on the need to give attention to complex realities of everyday living. Thus, a description of pre-school organization in Japan would be in its form very different from school organization in Britain or Colombia-yet the realities of human beings acting in social roles are continuous around the world. （登録者から一言） この本の中で，A Field Study at a Japanese After-School Day-Care Facilityというタイトルの論文を書いています。これは社会心理学研究にリジェクトされた論文を改稿したものです（苦笑）。実質的なコーディネートはシリーズの監修者であるDr. Valsinerがしてくれましたし，本全体としては特に斬新さがあるわけでもありませんが，一度も会ったことのないコロンビア人と，初めての外国の出版社とのやりとりはなかなか得がたい経験でした。実は，論文よりもgeneral conclusionの内容の方が自分では気に入っています。
Imai & Masuda (2013)
Imai, M., & Masuda, T. （増田貴彦） (2013). The role of language and culture in universality and diversity of human concepts. In M. Gelfand, C-Y, Chiu, & Y-Y, Hong (eds.), Advances in culture and psychology (Volume 3), pp. 1-61. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN: 9780199930449
The influence of language and culture has been investigated across different research discipline such as anthropology, cognitive psychology, and cultural psychology, but such research all tends to ask whether the language (or culture) influences cognition in general, without clearly specifying what is meant by “language” or “culture.” This chapter proposes an alternative approach, whose aim is to specify a complex interplay among various factors–including unversal cognitive constraints, langage-specific biases, and culture-specific cognitive styles–to account for people’e behavior in a given cognitive task and the developmental trajectory of that behavior. To establish this point, four research programs examining the roles of language and culture in terms of construal and organization of object, relations among objects, and actions are reviewed.
言語と文化が、人間の心理プロセスに及ぼす影響は、人類学・言語学・心理学など様々な分野において検討されてきたが、多くの場合、自らの理論的主張が先行し、影響は「あるか？ないか？」という議論に終始しがちであり、影響の度合いからデータを詳細に検討するという試みは十分になされてこなかった。本章では、過去の心理言語学・認知心理学の研究をレビューし、言語の統語的あるいは語用論的側面が、心理プロセスに影響を与えた例、また、言語の影響を受けずに普遍的心理プロセスが見出された例について紹介している。最後に、言語と文化の定義の問題、および言語と文化のいずれが心理プロセスにより強く影響を与えるのかについての問題についての議論を紹介している。
Masuda et al. (2013)
Masuda, T. （増田貴彦）, Russell, M. J., Chen, Y. Y., Hioki, K. （日置孝一）, & Caplan, J. B. (2013). N400 Incongruity Effect in an Episodic Memory Task Reveals Different Strategies for Handling Irrelevant Contextual Information for Japanese than European Canadians. Cognitive Neuroscience, 32. doi: 10.1080/17588928.2013.831819
East Asians/Asian Americans show a greater N400 effect due to semantic incongruity between foreground objects and background contexts than European Americans (Goto, Ando, Huang, Yee, & Lewis, 2010). Using analytic attention instructions, we asked Japanese and European Canadians to judge, and later, remember, target animals that were paired with task-irrelevant original (congruent), or novel (incongruent) contexts. We asked: (1) whether the N400 also shows an episodic incongruity effect, due to retrieved contexts conflicting with later-shown novel 15 contexts; and (2) whether the incongruity effect would be more related to performance for Japanese, who have been shown to have more difficulty ignoring such contextual information. Both groups exhibited episodic incongruity effects on the N400, with Japanese showing more typical N400 topographies. However, incongruent-trial accuracy was related to reduction of N400s only for the Japanese.
Thus, we found that the N400 can reflect episodic incongruity which poses a greater challenge to Japanese than European Canadians.
過去の文化・社会心理学研究では、東アジア文化圏の人々は、北米文化圏の人々に比べ、ある事象を判断する際に状況要因を考慮に入れがちであることが報告されている。本研究では、ターゲット画像と背景画像に意味的なミスマッチが認知された際に生じるというN400という事象関連電位反応（ERP)に着目し、日本人とヨーロッパ系カナダ人にエピソード記憶課題に従事してもらった。結果は、日本人は、ヨーロッパ系カナダ人に比べ、ターゲット画像と背景画像の組み合わせにミスマッチがあった場合に生じるN400とh画像記憶の正確さとの間に正の相関がある、すなはち、ミスマッチ画像で判断に不正確さが増せば増すほど、N400の生じる度合いが高まるのに対し、ヨーロッパ系カナダ人では、このような相関は見られない、すなわち、N400の生じる度合いと記憶の正確さには特に関係がないというものだった。既存の文化・社会心理学の実験課題が事象関連電位研究のパラダイムにのり、新たな知見を生み出す可能性を示した研究である。
Ito et al. (2013)
Ito, K., Masuda, T. （増田貴彦）& Li, M. -W. (2013). Agency and Facial Emotion Judgment in Context. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39, 763-776. doi: 10.1177/0146167213481387 |
Yuki & Brewer (2014)
Yuki, M. （結城雅樹） & Brewer, M.B. (Eds.) Culture and group processes. Oxford University Press ISBN: 9780199985463 Book description: Human beings are adapted for group living. Groups have a wide range of adaptive functions for individuals, including both material benefits of mutual aid and collective action, and subjective psychological benefits of affiliation and social identity. Recent development of cultural psychology, however, has uncovered that culture plays crucial roles in group processes: patterns of group behavior and underlying psychological processes are shaped within specific cultural contexts, and cultures emerge in group-based interactions. Culture and Group Processes, the inaugural volume of the Frontiers of Culture and Psychology series, is the first edited book on this rapidly emerging research topic. The eleven chapters included in this volume, all authored by distinguished scientists in the field, reveal the role of culture in group perceptions, social identity, group dynamics, identity negotiation, teamwork, intergroup relations, and intergroup communication, as well as the joint effect of cultural and group processes in interpersonal trust and creativity.会員による執筆章：
Marilynn B. Brewer and Masaki Yuki（結城雅樹） Chapter 1. Culture and Group Processes: Defining the Intersection
Nick Haslam, Elise Holland, and Minoru Karasawa（唐沢穣） Chapter 2. Essentialismand Entitativity Across Cultures
Masaki Yuki（結城雅樹） and Kosuke Takamura（竹村幸祐） Chapter 3. Intergroup Comparison and Intragroup Relationships: Group processes in the cultures of individualism and collectivism
11章の論文が、人間の集団行動・心理と文化の影響関係を論じています。（ハードカバー版、ペーパーバック版、Kindle版があります）
Oxford University Press: http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199985470.do
Amazon.com: http://www.amazon.com/dp/0199985472/
Amazon.co.jp: http://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/0199985472
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Deguchi (2013)
Deguchi, T. （出口拓彦） (2013). A simulation of rule-breaking behavior in public places. Social Science Computer Review. (Prepublished on November 24, 2013) doi: 10.1177/0894439313511186
A computer simulation based on both game theory and the cellular automaton model was conducted to investigate the effects of individuals’ interactions and certain conditions on the spread of rule-breaking behavior in public places. Four decision matrices representing obedient, deviant, conforming, and contrary principles were prepared experimentally. The ratio of these principles ranged from 1:2:3:4 to 4:3:2:1 (obedient:deviant:conforming:contrary). There were a total of 24 data sets with each data set composed of 10 decision matrices. In addition to these 24 data sets, the ratio 1:1:1:1 was prepared. This data set was composed of four decision matrices. The results indicated that rule-breaking behavior spreads under the following conditions: (A) when people act according to both individual factors (e.g., their attitudes) and situational factors (e.g., their neighbors’ behavior); (B) when there are more deviant people than obedient people; (C) when the intensity of rule-breaking behavior is higher than that of rule-obeying behavior. Condition A is an important factor. If conditions B or C are satisfied, the spread of rule-breaking behavior does not occur necessarily. At a certain probability threshold, rule-breaking behavior spreads sharply when people act based on individual factors (e.g., their attitudes); the spread of such behavior cannot be attributed solely to situational factors (e.g., neighbors’ behavior). There is only a fine line between rule breaking and obeying near the probability threshold.
Scholer et al.(2014)
Scholer, A. A., Ozaki, Y. (尾崎由佳）, & E. T. Higgins (2014). Inflating and deflating the self: Sustaining motivational concerns through self-evaluation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 51, 60-73. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2013.11.008 The ways in which individuals think and feel about themselves play a significant role in guiding behavior across many domains in life. The current studies investigate how individuals may shift the positivity of self-evaluations in order to sustain their chronic or momentary motivational concerns. Specifically, we propose that more positive self-evaluations support eagerness that sustains promotion-focused concerns with advancement, whereas less positive self-evaluations support vigilance that sustains prevention-focused concerns with safety. The current studies provide evidence that self-evaluation inflation is associated with promotion concerns whereas self-evaluation deflation is associated with prevention concerns, whetherregulatory focus is situationally manipulated (Studies 1, 2b, and 3) or measured as a chronic individual difference (Study 2a). Following regulatory focus primes, individuals in a promotion focus showed relatively greater accessibility of positive versus negative self-knowledge compared to individuals in a prevention focus (Study 1). In an ongoing performance situation, participants in a promotion focus reported higher self-esteem than participants in a prevention focus (Studies 2a and 2b). Finally, individuals in a promotion focus persisted longer on an anagram task when given an opportunity to focus on their strengths versus weaknesses, which was not the case for individuals in a prevention focus (Study 3). Across studies, the predicted interactions were consistently obtained, although sometimes the effects were stronger for promotion or prevention motivation. We discuss implications for existing models of the motives underlying self-evaluation.
自分をどのくらいポジティブ／ネガティブに評価するか（自己評価の肯定性）は日々の生活で重要な役割を果たしている。本研究は、自己制御過程において特定の志向性を保ちつつ目標達成を目指すために、個人が自己評価の肯定性を戦略的に変動させることを検証した。すなわち、自己評価を高めることによって促進焦点的な志向性（前進と達成）を維持し、一方で自己評価を低めることで予防焦点的な志向性（警戒と安全）を維持することを、４つの研究によって示した。研究1, 2b, 3においては制御焦点を実験的に操作し、研究2aにおいては個人差を測定することによって、促進焦点的／予防焦点的志向性との関係性を検討した。
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Yamada et al.(2014)
Yamada, A.（山田歩）, Fukuda, H., Samejima, K., Kiyokawa, S., Ueda, K., Noba, S., & Wanikawa, A. (2014). The Effect of an Analytical Appreciation of Colas on Consumer Beverage Choice. Food Quality and Preference, 34, 1-4. doi: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2013.11.008
This experiment examined if the analysis of beverage taste changes the favorite drink of a taster. Participants blind-tasted two brands of cola, Coke and Pepsi. Those who were not asked to verbalize their reactions to each tended to prefer Coke over Pepsi; those who expressed them were more likely to favor Pepsi; and those who indicated an aversion to both showed no clear preference. Participants found it easier to describe their predilection for Pepsi than for Coke but experienced equal difficulty in verbalizing their negative reactions to both colas. These findings suggest that when people taste carefully they tend to focus on the attributes of drinks that they find salient and that seem relevant to their preferences, leading them to choose the one with these attributes as their favorite.
Nakayachi(2013)
Nakayachi, K. (中谷内一也) (2013). The Unintended Effects of Risk-Refuting Information on Anxiety. Risk Analysis, 33(1), 80-91. doi: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01852.x Best Paper for 2013 in Risk Analysis
Researchers in the field of risk perception have been asking why people are more worried about risk today than in years past. This article explores one possible answer to this question, associative anxiety. The affect heuristic and the mental network models suggest that anxiety triggered by information regarding a particular risk can spread to other risks of the same category. Research to date, however, has not examined how information refuting the particular risk can also be generalized across other risks. The article presents two experimental studies addressing this issue. Study 1 showed that when participants were presented with information based on a real train collision, they experienced increased anxiety not only about train collisions but also about public transportation in general. In contrast, those who were informed about the train collision case as well as the preventative measures implemented after the accident experienced decreased anxiety about train collisions but not about public transportation more generally. Study 2 measured the changes in participant anxiety about a genetically modified organism (GMO) and compared the influence of information about either the existence or nonexistence of its risk. Similar to Study 1, associative anxiety rippled through the risk category. The results also suggest that the follow-up information refuting the GMO risk reduced the anxiety toward the hazard drastically, but did not fully alleviate the anxiety toward other hazards in the category. The implications and the limitations of these studies are also discussed.
Nakayachi et al. (2015)
Nakayachi, K. (中谷内一也), Yokoyama, H.M. & Oki, S. (2015). Public Anxiety after the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake: Fluctuations in Hazard Perception After Catastrophe. Journal of Risk Research, 18(2), 156-169. doi: 10.1080/13669877.2013.875936
In 2011, Japan received a massive blow from the Tohoku Earthquake and the ensuing disaster at the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Generation Plant (hereafter, the Fukushima Nuclear Plant), with 18,000 people dead or missing, and more than 330,000 evacuated long-term. Anxiety among the people of Japan concerning earthquakes and nuclear accidents is higher than ever, but other hazards confront them as well. This research investigated whether the Japanese people’s anxiety about a variety of other hazards has increased or decreased since the Tohoku Earthquake. Based on the availability heuristic, the contrast effect, and the finite-pool-of-worry hypothesis, it was predicted that public anxiety about earthquakes and nuclear accidents would increase, but anxiety about other hazards would decrease. Data from two nationwide surveys conducted in January 2008 and January 2012 were compared to see the change in societal levels of anxiety toward 51 types of hazards. The results showed that anxiety had increased after the Tohoku Earthquake for only one hazard other than earthquakes and nuclear accidents. For 29 other hazards, anxiety levels had significantly decreased; and for 19 hazards, there was no significant change. These results support the prediction, indicating that post-disaster, overall anxiety levels for Japanese people tended to decline. Practical implications were discussed with a focus on problems that might be caused by the changes in anxiety level.