日本の社会心理学者たちは，活発な研究活動を展開・公表しており，その成果は日本語による論文であれば例えば日本社会心理学会の機関誌である「社会心理学研究」等の学会誌に掲載され，また学術書として公刊されています．一方，当然のことながら学問に国境はなく，特に近年では国際的な論文誌や書籍にその成果が掲載されることも増えてきました．しかし，こうした国際的成果をくまなく知ることは，あまりにそのフィールドが広いためにあまり容易ではありませんでした．
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現在の掲載論文数は，554件です．
Yokoyama & Nakayachi (2014)
Yokoyama, H. M & Nakayachi, K. （中谷内一也） (in press). Public judgment on science expenditure in the national budget of Japan: An experimental approach to examining the effects of unpacking science. Public Understanding of Science, 23(5), 610-626. doi: 10.1177/0963662512456347
How does the public assess an appropriate financial allocation to science promotion? This article empirically examined the subadditivity effect in the judgment of budgetary allocation. Results of the first experiment showed that the ratio of the national budget allocated for science promotion by participants increased when science was decomposed into more specific categories compared to when it was presented as “science promotion” alone. Consistent with these findings, results of the second experiment showed that the allotment ratio to science promotion decreased when the number of other expenditure items increased. Meanwhile, the third experiment revealed that in the case of a budgetary cutback, the total amount taken from science promotion greatly increased when science was decomposed into subcategories. The subadditivity effect and increase in the total allotment ratio byunpacking science promotion was confirmed by these three experiments not only onbudgetary allocation but also on budgetary cutback.
Nogami & Yoshida (2013)
Nogami, T.（野上達也）, & Yoshida, F.(吉田富二雄) (2013). The pursuit of self‐interest and rule breaking in an anonymous situation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(4), 909-916. doi: 10.1111/jasp.12056
The present study examined whether psychological self-interest would instigate rule breaking in an anonymous situation. In total, 66 individuals were observed whether they would pursue material or psychological self-interest by breaking existing rules under the cloak of anonymity. Anonymity was defined to minimize accountability for one’s behavior, and was strictly manipulated to make all participants equally anonymous during the experiment. Results showed that only participants in the material-reward condition broke the rules, whereas those in the psychological-reward condition did not. Also, there was no difference found between the two conditions in subjective feelings of anonymity and public self-awareness although rule breaking was observed only in the material-reward condition. Implications for socially undesirable behavior in anonymous situations are discussed.
Yanagisawa et al. (2013)
Yanagisawa, K.(柳澤邦昭), Nishimura, T.(西村太志), Furutani, K.(古谷嘉一郎)，Ura, M.(浦光博) (2013). The effects of general trust on building new relationships after social exclusion: An examination of the 'Settoku Nattoku Game'. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 16(2), 133-141. doi: 10.1111/ajsp.12021
This study used the ‘Settoku Nattoku Game’ (SNG) to examine the effect of general trust on the formation of new relationships after social exclusion. The SNG is a game in which half of the players (the Persuaders) must try to convince the other half (the Persuaded) that a statement is true during an initial session (S1). The two groups then switch roles in a second session (S2). Following the SNG protocol, our dependent variable was the number of people sought out as interaction partners during S2. The frequency of being selected as an interaction partner by others during S1 (i.e. having experienced social exclusion or inclusion) significantly affected the number of interaction partners selected during S2. Those who were excluded during S1 engaged in fewer interactions with others during S2. However, this negative effect of social exclusion on subsequent interactions was moderated by general trust. After social exclusion, people low in general trust interacted less with others during S2 as compared to those who were included, but there was no such relationship for people high in general trust. On the contrary, socially excluded individuals high in general trust actively sought to build new relationships with those whom they did not interact with during S1. The relationship between general trust and interactions with others after a social exclusion experience is further discussed.
Iyengar et al.(2013)
Iyengar, S., Jackman, S., Messing, S., Valentino, N., Aalberg, T., Duch, R., Hahn, K. S., Soroka, S., Harell, A., & Kobayashi, T.（小林哲郎） (2013). Do attitudes about immigration predict willingness to admit individual immigrants? A cross-national test of the person-positivity bias. Public Opinion Quarterly, 73(3), 641-665. doi: 10.1093/poq/nft024This paper demonstrates that citizens in seven advanced industrialized democracies generally oppose more open immigration policies, but stand ready to admit individual immigrants. Using an experimental design, we demonstrate the applicability of the “person-positivity bias” to immigration and investigate the effects of economic and cultural “deservingness” on evaluations of individual immigrants. Our results show that immigrants from professional backgrounds elicit higher levels of support than unskilled workers. The bias against unskilled workers is enlarged among immigrants accompanied by families. In comparison with occupational status and the number of family dependents, the target immigrant’s cultural attributes—as measured by Middle Eastern nationality and Afrocentric appearance—prove relatively inconsequential as criteria for evaluating immigrants.
Ishii et al.(2014)
Ishii, K. (石井敬子), Miyamoto, Y. (宮本百合), Rule, N. O., & Toriyama, R. (鳥山理恵)(2014). Physical Objects as Vehicles of Cultural Transmission: Maintaining Harmony and Uniqueness Through Colored Geometric Patterns. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(2), 175-188. doi: 10.1177/0146167213508151
We examined how cultural values of harmony and uniqueness are represented and maintained through physical media (i.e., colorings of geometric patterns) and how individuals play an active role in selecting and maintaining such cultural values. We found that colorings produced by European American adults and children were judged as more unique, whereas colorings produced by Japanese adults and children were judged as more harmonious, reflecting cultural differences in values. Harmonyundergirded Japanese participants’ preferences for colorings, whereas uniquenessundergirded European American participants’ preferences for colorings. These cultural differences led participants to prefer own-culture colorings over other-culture colorings. Moreover, bicultural participants’ preferences acculturated according to their identification with their host culture. Furthermore, child rearers in Japan and Canada gave feedback about the children’s colorings that were consistent with their culture’s values. These findings suggest that simple geometric patterns can embody cultural values that are socialized and reinforced from an early age.
Tabuchi et al.(2015)
Tabuchi, M.（田渕恵）, Nakagawa, T., Miura, A.（三浦麻子）, & Gondo, Y. (2015). Generativity and Interaction between the Old and Young: The Role of Perceived Respect and Perceived Reject. The Gerontologist. First published online: November 22, 2013 doi: 10.1093/geront/gnt135
Purpose of the Study: We examined the relationships among development ofgenerativity, generative acts, and psychological well-being in old age and the possible mediating effects of perceived rejection and respect from younger generations. We hypothesized that generative action would not lead to well-being unless responding elders perceived respect from younger generations, and, further, that perceived respect would predict the development of generativity.
Design and Methods: In Study 1, we sampled 252 older persons to verify our hypothetical model in a cross-sectional survey. We assessed generative concern, generative action, perceived rejection from younger people, and psychological well-being. In Study 2, the same measures and a new scale to measure perceived respect from younger people were administered in a longitudinal survey. Four hundred older adults responded at two time points 12 months apart.
Results: Path analysis showed that the effect of generative action on ill-being was mediated by perceived rejection and respect from younger generations. Perceived respect from younger generations at baseline predicted an increase in generative concern 12 months later.
Implications: The results suggest that positive intergenerational interaction leads togenerativity development and better well-being in old age.
高齢者の世代性(Generativity)発達および若年者への利他的行動の継続に，世代間相互作用が影響することを，パネルデータを用いて示した。これまでの先行研究では，高齢者と若年者の世代間交流により，世代性が発達し，高齢者における利他的行動が誘発されるとされてきたが，本研究により，高齢者が若年者から敬意や感謝といったポジティブなフィードバックを受けなければ，世代性発達や利他的行動継続が停滞することが示された。
Oda et al. (2014)
Oda, R., Machii, W., Takagi, S., Kato, Y., Takeda, M.（武田美亜）, Kiyonari, T.（清成透子）, Fukukawa, Y.（福川康之）, Hiraishi, K.（平石界） (2013). Personality and altruism in daily life. Personality and Individual Differences, 56, 206-209. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.09.017
Personality may be among the factors contributing to individual differences in altruism. Given that explanations of altruistic behavior differ according to the relationship between actors and recipients, the personality traits contributing to altruist behavior may differ according to the relationship between the parties involved. However, few studies on the effect of personality on altruism have examined the relationship between donor and recipient, and no study has addressed altruistic behavior in daily life. We employed the Self-Report Altruism Scale Distinguished by the Recipient, which was newly developed to evaluate altruism among Japanese undergraduates, to investigate the relationship between the Big-Five personality traits and the frequency of altruistic behaviors toward various recipients (family members, friends or acquaintances, and strangers) in daily life. With the exception of extraversion, which commonly contributed to altruistic behavior toward all three types of recipients, the particular traits that contributed to altruism differed according to recipient. Conscientiousness contributed to altruism only toward family members, agreeableness contributed to altruism only toward friends/acquaintances, and openness contributed to altruism only toward strangers.
日常生活における利他行動とビッグ５パーソナリティとの関連を検討した。利他行動は「家族」「友人・知人」「他人」に対するものを区別して質問紙により測定した（小田ら, 2013, 心理学研究）。外向性は、利他行動の３次元全てに寄与していた。家族への利他行動には、誠実性も寄与していた。友人・知人への利他行動には、協調性も寄与していた。他人への利他行動には、開放性も寄与していた。
Kawamoto et al. (2013)
Kawamoto, T.(川本大史), Nittono, H., & Ura, M.(浦光博) (2013). Cognitive, affective, and motivational changes during ostracism: An ERP, EMG, and EEG study using a computerized Cyberball task. Neuroscience Journal, vol. 2013, Article ID 304674, 11 pages. doi: 10.1155/2013/304674
Individuals are known to be highly sensitive to signs of ostracism, such as being ignored or excluded, however, the cognitive, affective, and motivational processes underlying ostracism have remained unclear. We investigated temporal changes in these psychological states resulting from being ostracized by a computer. Using event-related brain potentials (ERP), the facial electromyogram (EMG), and electroencephalogram (EEG), we focused on the P3b amplitude, corrugator supercilii activity, and frontal EEG asymmetry, which reflect attention directed at stimuli, negative affect, and approach/withdrawal motivation, respectively. Results of the P3b and corrugator supercilii activity replicated findings of previous studies on being ostracized by humans. The mean amplitude of the P3b wave decreased, and facial EMG activity increased over time. In addition, frontal EEG asymmetry changed from relative left frontal activation, suggestive of approach motivation to relative right frontal activation, indicative of withdrawal motivation. These findings suggest that ostracism by a computer-generated opponent is an aversive experience that in time, changes the psychological status of ostracized people, similar to ostracism byhuman. Our findings also imply that frontal EEG asymmetry is a useful index for investigating ostracism. Results of this study suggest that ostracism has well developed neurobiological foundations.
Tanaka (2013)
Tanaka, Y. (田中豊) Attitude gaps between conventional plant breeding crops and GM crops, and psychological models determining the acceptance of the two crops. Journal of Risk Research, 16, 69-80. doi: 10.1080/13669877.2012.726236
これまで遺伝子組換え農作物に対する人々の態度が、ヨーロッパや米国、日本やその他の国々において調査されてきた。 品種改良農作物に対する人々の態度と遺伝子組換え農作物に対する態度とを直接比較することによって、遺伝子組換え農作物に対する人々の態度の特徴をよりはっきりと示すことができ、またこのことは遺伝子組換え農作物のリスクコミュニケーションについて考える上でも有意義な示唆を与えるであろう。本研究の第１の目的は、品種改良農作物に対する人々の態度と遺伝子組換え農作物に対する態度との違いを示すことであった。本研究の第2の目的は、遺伝子組換え農作物や品種改良農作物の受容を、リスク認知、ベネフィット認知、信頼、生命倫理観の4つの因子から予測する因果モデルを作成し、これらの因果モデルの妥当性を検証することであった。調査協力者として東京在住の20歳以上の男女600名をランダムサンプリングを用いて抽出し、社会調査を実施した。 その結果まず、リスク認知、ベネフィット認知、信頼、生命倫理観、受容の全ての因子について、人々は遺伝子組換え農作物に対して、品種改良農作物に対するよりもより否定的な態度を取っていることが明らかにされた。因果モデルの妥当性を構造方程式モデリング(SEM)を用いて検証したところ、上述の4つの因子は、遺伝子組換え農作物の受容および品種改良農作物の受容のどちらも良く説明することが示された。さらに、遺伝子組換え農作物の受容においてはリスク認知が最も重要であるが、品種改良農作物の受容においては信頼が最も重要であることなども示された。
Sato & Itakura (2013)
Sato, A. （佐藤徳） & Itakura, S. (2013). Intersubjective action-effect binding: Eye contact modulates acquisition ofbidirectional association between our and others’ actions. Cognition, 127(3), 383-390. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2013.02.010
In everyday social life, we predict others’ actions in response to our own actions. Subsequently, on the basis of these predictions, we control our actions to attain desired social outcomes and/or adjust our actions to accommodate the anticipated actions of the others. Representation of the bidirectional association between ourand others’ actions, that is, intersubjective action-effect binding, could make suchintersubjective action control easier and smoother. The present study investigated not only whether or not intersubjective action-effect binding was acquired but also whether or not eye contact modulated it. Experiment 1 showed that after a repeated experience during which participants’ finger movements triggered a target female individual’s mouth gesture, observing the target’s mouth gestures came to automatically trigger the participants’ finger movements. Experiments 2 and 3 revealed that this effect was not observed when the target’s gaze direction was averted (Experiment 2) or when the target’s eyes were closed (Experiment 3) throughout the acquisition phase. These results indicate that intersubjective action-effect binding occurs and that an ostensive signal, that is, eye contact modulates it.