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Watabe et al. (2013)
Watabe, M.（渡部 幹）, Kato, T. A.（加藤隆弘）, Tsuboi, S.（坪井 翔）,Ishikawa, K., Hashiya, K., Monji, A, Utsumi, H., & Kanba, S. (2013). Minocycline, a microglial inhibitor, reduces ‘honey trap’ risk in human economic exchange. Scientific Reports, 3, 1685. doi: 10.1038/srep01685.
Recently, minocycline, a tetracycline antibiotic, has been reported to improve symptoms of psychiatric disorders and to facilitate sober decision-making in healthy human subjects. Here we show that minocycline also reduces the risk of the ‘honey trap’ during an economic exchange. Males tend to cooperate with physically attractive females without careful evaluation of their trustworthiness, resulting in betrayal by the female. In this experiment, healthy male participants made risky choices (whether or not to trust female partners, identified only by photograph, who had decided in advance to exploit the male participants). The results show that trusting behaviour in male participants significantly increased in relation to the perceived attractiveness of the female partner, but that attractiveness did not impact trusting behaviour in the minocycline group. Animal studies have shown thatminocycline inhibits microglial activities. Therefore, this minocycline effect may shed new light on the unknown roles microglia play in human mental activities.
脳内免疫細胞であるミクログリアを不活性化させる抗生物質、ミノサイクリンを実験参加者に投与し、信頼ゲームでの意思決定について偽薬群との比較検討を行った。過去の研究では、ミノサイクリンのミクログリア不活性効果は人々により「理性的な」決定を行わせる可能性が示されていたが、本研究は、異性の外見的魅力の効果について調べた。魅力的な異性に対しては、その異性への信頼度が低くても信頼ゲームにおいて投資行動が見られることは過去の研究でわかっており、本研究でも偽薬群においてそれは追認されたが、ミノサイクリン投与群においてはその傾向はみられなかった。
Nagai et al. (2013)
Nagai M.（永井聖剛）, Bennett, P. J., Rutherford, M. D., Gaspar, C. M., Kumada, T., Sekuler A. B. (2013). Comparing face processing strategies between typically-developed observers and observers with autism using sub-sampled-pixels presentation in response classification technique. Vision Research, 79, 27-35. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2013.01.001
In the present study we modified the standard classification image method bysubsampling visual stimuli to provide us with a technique capable of examining an individual’s face-processing strategy in detail with fewer trials. Experiment 1 confirmed that one testing session (1450 trials) was sufficient to produce classification images that were qualitatively similar to those obtained previously with 10,000 trials (Sekuler et al., 2004). Experiment 2 used this method to compare classification images obtained from observers with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and typically-developing (TD) observers. As was found in Experiment 1, classification images obtained from TD observers suggested that they all discriminated faces based on information conveyed by pixels in the eyes/brow region. In contrast, classification images obtained from ASD observers suggested that they used different perceptual strategies: three out of five ASD observers used a typical strategy of making use of information in the eye/brow region, but two used an atypical strategy that relied on information in the forehead region. The advantage of using the response classification technique is that there is no restriction to specific theoretical perspectives or a priori hypotheses, which enabled us to see unexpected strategies, like ASD’s forehead strategy, and thus showed this technique is particularly useful in the examination of special populations.
Classification imageという最新の心理物理手法を用いて，自閉症者の顔認知にかかわる個人とストラテジーを探索的にかつ高解像度で可視化した。その結果，従来研究からは予想外の自閉症者特有のストラテジーを発見（額の利用）し，加えて，一部の自閉症者は定型発達者と同様ストラテジーを示すことを見出した。
Goto et al. (2013)
Goto, T. (後藤崇志) & Kusumi, T. (楠見 孝) (2013). How can reward contribute to efficient self-control? Reinforcement of task-defined responses diminishes ego-depletion. Motivation and Emotion, 37(4), 726-732. doi: 10.1007/s11031-013-9356-3
We examined whether reinforcement learning of habitual actions diminishes ego depletion after a cognitive control task. Participants performed the Stroop task after a card selection task, in which one group was reinforced to respond to colors in the Stroop task (Stroop-color group) while another group was reinforced to respond to colors not in the Stroop task (non-Stroop-color group). We measured ego depletion in terms of decrement in endurance on an isometric handgrip task after the Stroop task. The Stroop-color group exhibited less decrease in their isometric handgrip endurance compared to the non-Stroop-color group. These results suggest that the former needed less effort for cognitive control during conflict processing, as reinforcement learning make task-defined response habitual. This finding provides a new perspective on the role of reward in cognitive control.
Miyamoto (2013)
Miyamoto, Y. （宮本百合） (2013). Culture and analytic versus holistic cognition: Toward multilevel analyses of cultural influences. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 131-188. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-407236-7.00003-6
A growing body of literature has documented cultural differences in cognitive processes and also proposed various factors underlying these cultural differences. At the same time, not much attention has been paid to proximal-level processes that connect distal-level societal factors to individuals’ cognitive processing. This chapter aims to present a framework to integrate factors at multiple levels to understand cultural influences on cognitive processes. The chapter begins by providing an overview of cultural differences in cognitive processes, including potential moderators of cultural differences. Next, factors underlying cultural differences at multiple levels are outlined, with a focus on proximal-level situational processes. Subsequently, by introducing the case of culturally contingent consequences of power, the chapter illustrates how cultural contexts can moderate the effect of a certain factor on cognitive processes, highlighting the importance of multilevel analyses. Implications of multilevel analyses and directions for future research are discussed at the end.
Miyamoto et al. (2013)
Miyamoto, Y. （宮本百合）, Knoepfler, C., Ishii, K.（石井敬子）, & Ji, L. J. (2013). Cultural variation in the focus on goals versus processes of actions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39, 707-719. doi: 10.1177/0146167213483579
Everyday actions (e.g., riding a bike) can be described in ways that emphasize either the goals of the action by adapting a higher level identification (e.g., getting exercise) or the processes of the action by adapting a lower level identification (e.g., pedaling). In Studies 1 and 2, we demonstrate cultural differences in focusing on the process or goal of actions at the individual level: Americans are more likely than Japanese to focus on the goal (rather than the process) of actions. Study 3 recruited Chinese participants in addition to American and Japanese participants and found that cultural differences in action identification are partly explained by cultural differences in self-consistency. Study 4 further showed cultural differences at the collective level: American media presents more goal-oriented information and less process-oriented information than does Japanese media. These findings highlight the role of culture in shaping how people attend to different aspects of actions.
Boiger et al. (2013)
Boiger, M., Mesquita,B., Uchida, Y.（内田由紀子）, & Barrett, L. F. (2013). Condoned or condemned - the situational affordance of anger and shame in the US and Japan. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39, 540-553. doi: 10.1177/0146167213478201
Two studies tested the idea that the situations that people encounter frequently and the situations that they associate most strongly with an emotion differ across cultures in ways that can be understood from what a culture condones or condemns. In a questionnaire study, N = 163 students from the United States and Japan perceived situations as more frequent to the extent that they elicited condoned emotions (anger in the United States, shame in Japan), and they perceived situations as less frequent to the extent that they elicited condemned emotions (shame in the United States, anger in Japan). In a second study, N = 160 students from the United States and Japan free-sorted the same situations. For each emotion, the situations could be organized along two cross-culturally common dimensions. Those situations that touched upon central cultural concerns were perceived to elicit stronger emotions. The largest cultural differences were found for shame; smaller, yet meaningful, differences were found for anger.
Uchida et al. (2013)
Uchida, Y.（内田由紀子）, Takahashi, Y., & Kawahara, K. (2013). Changes in hedonic and eudaimonic well-being after a severe nationwide disaster: The case of the Great East Japan Earthquake. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1-15. doi: 10.1007/s10902-013-9463-6
This paper presents the results of a longitudinal survey (N = 10,744) that examined how the Great East Japan Earthquake of March 2011 affected the hedonic and eudaimonic well-being of young people in Japan outside of the afflicted area. Ourdataset consists of Japanese citizens in their 20 and 30 s from all non-afflicted prefectures. We conducted two surveys on well-being, one before the earthquake (December 2010) and one after (March 2011). The results suggested that people who were thinking about the earthquake when they completed the second survey had slightly increased general well-being after the earthquake as compared to before, showing that reflecting on the earthquake had prompted them to reevaluate their lives and increased eudaimonia. However, they experienced temporary negative emotional reactions more frequently, which shows that their sympathy for those in the afflicted area decreased their hedonic well-being. After the earthquake, Japanese youth were likely to value social connectedness and ordinary life. Moreover, this mindset promoted prosocial behaviors such as making donations and volunteering.
Tsukamoto et al. (2013)
Tsukamoto, S.（塚本早織）, Enright, J., & Karasawa, M.（唐沢穣） (2013) Psychological Essentialism and Nationalism as Determinants of Interethnic Bias. The Journal of Social Psychology, 153(5), 515-519. doi: 10.1080/00224545.2
The present study examined whether individuals without strong national identity (i.e., low nationalism) would be susceptible to temporarily elicited essentialism to alter their mental representations of ethnic boundaries, and thus increase interethnicbias. To test these ideas we experimentally induced essentialist beliefs among Japanese subjects about the boundary between Japanese and Chinese ethnicities, while measuring the strength of nationalism as an individual variable. The results were generally consistent with predictions, suggesting that the activation ofessentialist beliefs can strengthen interethnic biases among people without strong nationalism.
「血縁」などの生物学的な要因を用いて社会的カテゴリーを認識する現象は，Psychological Essentialism（心理的本質主義）によって説明される。本研究では，心理的本質主義による民族カテゴリーの認知を実験的に操作し，集団間態度に与える影響を検証した。
Fujii et al. (2013)
Fujii, T.(藤井勉), Sawaumi, T.(澤海崇文), Aikawa, A. (相川充) (2013). Test-Retest Reliability and Criterion-Related Validity of the Implicit Association Test for Measuring Shyness. IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences, E96(8), 1768-1774. doi: 10.1587/transfun.E96.A.1768
This study investigated the test-retest reliability and the criterion-related validity of the Implicit Association Test (IAT [1]) that was developed for measuring shyness among Japanese people. The IAT has been used to measure implicit stereotypes, as well as self-concepts, such as implicit shyness and implicit self-esteem. We administered the shyness IAT and the self-esteem IAT to participants (N =59) on two occasions over a one-week interval (Time 1 and Time 2) and examined the test-retest reliability by correlating shyness IATs between the two time points. We also assessed the criterion-related validity by calculating the correlation between implicit shyness and implicit self-esteem. The results indicated a sufficient positive correlation coefficient between the scores of implicit shyness over the one-week interval (r =.67, p < .01). Moreover, a strong negative correlation coefficient was indicated between implicit shyness and implicit self-esteem (r =-.72, p < .01). These results confirmed the test-retest reliability and the criterion-related validity of the Japanese version of the shyness IAT, which is indicative of the validity of the test for assessing implicit shyness.
Takagi et al. (2013)
Takagi, D. (高木大資), Kondo, K., & Kawachi, I. (2013). Social participation and mental health: Moderating effects of gender, social role andrurality. BMC Public Heatlh, 13, 1-8. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-701
Background: Previous studies have reported that older people’s social participation has positive effects on their health. However, some studies showed that the impacts of social participation on health differ by gender. We sought to examine whether the effects of social participation on mental health differ for men and women in a Japanese population. We also examined the moderating influence of social position within the organization as well as urban/rural locality.
Methods: We used two waves of the Aichi Gerontological Evaluation Study’s longitudinal survey, which targeted residents with aged 65 years or over (n = 2,728) in a central part of Japan. The first wave survey was conducted in 2003, and the second wave in 2006. Depressive symptoms of the study participants were assessed using the short version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15). A multilevel logistic regression model was used with individual-level as level 1 and the school district-level as level 2.
Results: We found that higher social participation and performing key roles in the organization had protective effects on depressive symptoms for women. However, there were no main effects of these variables for the mental health of men. We found an interaction between social participation, organizational position, and rural residence among men only. That is, men who occupied leadership positions in organizations reported better mental health, but only in rural areas.
Conclusions: Our findings support the notion that increasing the opportunities for social participation improves older people’s heath, especially for women. However, in the rural Japanese context, offering men meaningful roles within organizations may be important.