国際誌論文データベース

Shimizu, Y.(清水佑輔), Suzuki, M., Hata, Y., & Sakaki, T. (2022). 
Influence of perceived ageism on older adults: Focus on attitudes toward young people and life satisfaction. 
高齢者がエイジズムを感じることの影響：若者への態度と生活満足度に着目して
Advances in Gerontology, 12(4), 370-374. 
https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079057022040142 

The world’s population is aging, and intergenerational conflicts between older adults and young people are becoming more serious. This study focused on ageism as a cause of intergenerational conflicts and older adults’ diminished mental health status. We conducted an online survey of older Japanese participants (n = 1.096). Our results indicated that older adults who perceived more ageism directed toward them (1) had more negative attitudes toward young people and (2) had lower life satisfaction, which persisted even after controlling for variables such as old age identity and depressive tendencies. Accordingly, we suggest that ageism may reinforce intergenerational conflicts between older adults and young people and compromise older adults’ mental health status. The findings of this study can aid gerontological and psychological research aimed at reducing ageism.

Nakanishi, D. (中西大輔), Yokota, K. (横田晋大), & Igawa, J. (井川純一) (2022). 
Can scientific literacy reduce purchase avoidance of Fukushima products? Environment Systems and Decisions.
科学的リテラシーは福島県産品の買い控えを減少させるか?
Environment Systems and Decisions.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-022-09883-x

This study aimed to explore the effect of scientific literacy on the tendency towards purchase avoidance of foods made in Fukushima due to harmful rumours associated with the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. A web survey was sent to 880 Japanese monitors to determine their attitudes towards the damage caused by untrue rumours, food risks, and media literacy, and to verify whether respondents’ knowledge about radioactive material reduced their intention to purchase products made in Fukushima Prefecture. A factor analysis of all the items of the two literacy scales (i.e. food and media) and food faddism scales revealed three factors: food risk literacy, media literacy, and health care. Multiple regression analysis to investigate the effect of each factor on the intention to purchase, controlling for some demographic variables, revealed that food risk literacy and media literacy promoted purchase avoidance, while knowledge of radioactive material reduced purchase avoidance of Fukushima products.

研究成果のポイント

・福島第一原子力発電所事故に伴う風評被害について2017年2月に行ったWeb調査の結果を報告した。
・この研究では福島県産品の買い控え傾向と科学的リテラシーとの関係について検討した。
・フードファディズム傾向の大部分の項目は食品リスクリテラシーと同一の因子 (食品リテラシー因子) に高い負荷を示した。
・態度面でのリテラシーを測定した食品リテラシーとメディアリテラシーはむしろ福島県産品の買い控えを促進する方向のパタンが得られた。
・一方、放射性物質に対する知識については、買い控えを抑制する方向のパタンが得られた。

Murakami M., Hiraishi K.（平石界）, Yamagata M.（山縣芽生）, Nakanishi D.（中西大輔）, Miura A.（三浦麻子） (2022). 
Belief in just deserts regarding individuals infected with COVID-19 in Japan and its associations with demographic factors and infection-related and socio-psychological characteristics: a cross-sectional study.
「感染は自業自得」と考える人の特徴は何か：日本の横断研究
PeerJ 10:e14545
https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14545

Prejudice related to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a social issue worldwide. A possible psychological factor that promotes prejudice is the belief in just deserts (BJD) regarding individuals infected with COVID-19 (i.e., the belief that the infected individual deserves to be infected). The BJD is based on the belief in immanent justice. It is reportedly higher in Japan than in other countries. Therefore, we conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate the BJD among Japanese individuals and clarify its associations with demographic factors or infection-related and socio-psychological characteristics. To this end, we conducted an online questionnaire survey in Japan from August 7–8, 2020, with 1,207 respondents aged 20–69 years. We performed screening to exclude inappropriate responses. We investigated the association between the BJD and demographic factors such as gender and age. We also investigated the association between the BJD and infection-related and socio-psychological characteristics, including risk perception of COVID-19 infection and human rights restrictions (i.e., the degree of agreement with government restrictions on individuals’ behavior during emergencies). Among the surveyed items, human rights restrictions showed a strong association with BJD, followed by risk perception of COVID-19 infection. Men had a slightly higher BJD than women. Our study is significant in that it is the first to investigate the items associated with the BJD, thereby providing foundational information for revising individual perceptions of justice related to COVID-19 and solving prejudice-related issues.

【研究成果のポイント】
◆ これまでに、日本では新型コロナウイルス（以下、「新型コロナ」）感染を「自業自得」と考える人の割合が他国よりも高いことが知られていた
◆ 今回の研究では、日本における新型コロナ感染は自業自得と考える人の特徴を分析した
◆ 非常時における政府の行動制限に賛成する人ほど、新型コロナ感染は自業自得と思う傾向があった
◆ 平均的な日本人が新型コロナに感染する可能性は低いと思う人ほど、新型コロナ感染は自業自得と思う傾向があったが、その関連は弱かった
◆ 新型コロナ感染症禍での差別や偏見の課題解決に向けた基盤的知見を提供できた

Ikeda, K. (池田謙一)(2023) 
Contemporary Japanese Politics & Anxiety Over Governance.
現代日本政治と統治の不安
London: Routledge.
http://www.routledge.com/9781032159331

Chapters start by revealing the declining impacts of social capital on politics, the shrinking range of political parties from which to choose, and the mixing of Asian values with liberal democratic values. Then, by conceptualizing and empirically examining anxiety over governance, i.e., the perception of excessive risk for future governance, Ikeda explores the links of anxiety to Japanese political behavior. While the high regard for democratic politics lowers anxiety among the Japanese, the changes in Japanese political behavior/environment and culture contribute to a generally high level of anxiety, which also had a significant negative impact on the evaluation of countermeasures against COVID-19.

For more details, please see; https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/974690 NEWS RELEASE 16-DEC-2022

21世紀初頭の日本の政治の基盤に起きている複雑な構造変化を、この巻の6つの章を通して明らかにした。今世紀に入ってから顕著になった、投票や政治参加の社会的関係的基盤の喪失、草の根支援の弱体化、社会資本と政治の切り離し、投票に対する将来期待の影響の空洞化が生じたこと（第1章）、政治的意思を代表する候補者の選択において国民が認識する政治の選択肢の幅が狭まり、政治参加の意義の喪失をもたらしたこと（第2章）が明示される。また、アジアンバロメータ調査と世界価値観調査の20年間に及ぶ国際比較文脈の中で、日本人が依拠するアジア的価値観と自由民主主義的価値観の重要度のバランスの不整合が文脈依存的に日本人の政治行動に影響を与えることが析出され（第3章）、客観的リスクに対して過剰に膨張した拡散的な社会・政治的不安である「統治の不安」の強固な発現が世界価値観調査の最新の10年間のデータの中で一貫して観察された（第4章）。統治の不安の構造をさらに解明し、概念的に位置づけるために、第4章の最終節では、Fiorina（1981）が導入した政治に対する回顧的評価と将来期待評価の負の側面を示す対の概念として、政治不信と統治の不安を概念的に位置づけた。これらの否定的側面の共通の特徴は、その特徴的な拡散性である。我々は、この拡散的な否定的将来期待が、上記の日本における統治の不安という過剰なリスク認知として現れると予測した。その予測を実証する形で、COVID-19のパンデミックは、統治の不安を社会の表層に顕在化させ、危機に有効に抵抗できない政治に人々がショックを受けることを、2020年第1波の国際比較データ分析、2021年衆院選挙のインターネット調査の分析によって明らかにした（5章）。最終章である第6章では本編全体を総括し、統治の不安の今後、実証データから見る不安への対応の可能性を考察した。

Hayashi, Y（林洋一郎）., & Sasaki, H. (2022). 
Effect of leaders' regulatory‐fit messages on followers' motivation. 
リーダーの制御適合メッセージがフォロワーのモチベーションに与える効果
Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 52(7), 496-510. 
https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12874

The regulatory fit between regulatory focus and framing of leaders’ messages to motivate their followers was examined in this study. Toward this end, an exploratory survey was conducted to develop messages germane to regulatory focus. These messages were employed in the following two experimental studies. Study 1 tested the regulatory-fit hypotheses from the perspective of leaders, who selected positively or negatively framed messages for promotion- and prevention-focused scenarios. The results revealed that leaders were more likely to choose positively framed messages when conveying promotion-focused messages and negatively framed messages when conveying prevention-focused messages. While leaders high in promotion focus and transformational leadership tended to choose positive framing, those high in prevention and authoritarian leadership were inclined to prefer negative framing. The effect of regulatory fit from followers’ perspective was examined in Study 2 to determine whether regulatory-fit messages increased followers’ motivation. The results revealed that participants in the regulatory-fit condition exhibited higher motivation only in the promotion and positive-framing condition. The implications of the findings for regulatory-fit theory and leadership research are discussed.

メッセージ受け手だけでなく、送り手の立場からも制御適合を検討した。

Nozaki, Y.（野崎優樹） & Mikolajczak, M. (2022). 
Effectiveness of extrinsic emotion regulation strategies in text-based online communication. オンラインテキストコミュニケーションにおける他者の情動を調整する方略の有効性
Emotion. Advance online publication.
https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001186

In daily life, others play a key role in helping regulate an individual’s emotions. Such emotion regulation occurs not only in face-to-face communication but also in text-based online communication. To date, much research has examined strategies for alleviating one’s own negative emotions (intrinsic emotion regulation) based on the process model of emotion regulation (Gross, 1998, 2015a). However, little is known about the effectiveness of the full range of strategies for alleviating others’ negative emotions (extrinsic emotion regulation) derived from this model. This research aims to fill this gap. In study 1, participants wrote response letters to bogus pen pals who had recently experienced negative emotional events. Independent coders rated the effectiveness of these response letters in alleviating pen pal’s negative emotions. In study 2, participants communicated with each other on an online forum by posting about distressing events and messages that attempted to alleviate another person’s negative emotions. When participants received a reply to their posts, they rated its effectiveness in alleviating their negative emotions. The results of both studies consistently showed that strategies classified as reappraisal and empathic responding effectively alleviated others’ negative emotions. Moreover, emotional intensity moderated the effectiveness of some extrinsic emotion regulation strategies. Specifically, problem-solving and reappraisal showed positive effects on the alleviation of relatively less intense negative emotions. However, these effects were neither positive nor negative in regulating relatively intense negative emotions. The present study offers novel insights into other-focused emotion regulation research by clarifying similarities and differences between intrinsic and extrinsic emotion regulation.

情動調整において、他者は重要な役割を担っています。本研究では、情動調整のプロセスモデル（Gross, 1998, 2015a）に基づき、他者のネガティブ情動を調整する方略を分類しました。そして、オンラインテキストコミュニケーションにおける各方略の有効性を検討しました。2つの研究で一貫して、情動調整方略のうち「再評価」と「共感的応答」が相手のネガティブ情動を緩和する上で効果的に働くことが示されました。さらに、研究2では、相手のネガティブ情動の強度が、いくつかの情動調整方略の有効性を調整することが示されました。具体的には、「問題解決」と「再評価」は、比較的強度の低いネガティブ情動の緩和に対して正の効果を示すものの、この効果は比較的強いネガティブ情動の調整においては見られませんでした。本研究は、「自己の情動の調整」と「他者の情動の調整」の類似点と相違点を明らかにすることで、情動調整理論の発展に寄与するものです。

Hashimoto, H.(橋本博文), Maeda, K. (前田楓),  & Sato, K.(佐藤剛介) (2022). 
Future-oriented thinking promotes positive attitudes toward the “Help Mark” in Japan.
未来志向のメッセージはヘルプマークに対する肯定的な理解を促す 
Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences, 3:967033.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fresc.2022.967033

The “Help Mark,” created in Japan, is worn by people who need help in public settings. It is designed to induce help from others for those in need of help because of their hidden disabilities or health conditions. Several attempts have been made to publicize the meaning and implications of this wearable sign through various media. However, it is difficult to assert whether there is sufficient awareness regarding this sign in the Japanese society. The purpose of this study was to examine the type of messages that are more effective in promoting the “Help Mark” system (Study 1). Additionally, based on the data obtained in Study 1, we presented a newly designed poster to promote the “Help Mark” sign and attempted to empirically examine the effect of this poster (Study 2). The results suggest that a message that reflects that the “Help Mark” is for “everyone,” based on future-oriented thinking, is more effective. Furthermore, it was indicated that people who saw the poster containing a message implying that the “Help Mark” is “for everyone” reported increased positive attitudes toward the “Help Mark” system. These results indicate that encouraging future-oriented thinking may lead to positive attitudes regarding the “Help Mark” system.

https://www.omu.ac.jp/info/research_news/entry-03285.html

Shimizu, Y.（清水佑輔）, Suzuki, M., Hata, Y., & Sakaki, T. (2023). 
Negative attitudes of healthy older adults toward unhealthy older adults: Focus on the subjective health. 
健康な高齢者が不健康な高齢者に対して抱くネガティブな態度：主観的健康度に着目して
Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 105, 104850.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2022.104850 

Abstract*

Negative attitudes toward older adults, especially those with declining physical function and/or advanced dementia (i.e., unhealthy older adults), are serious. It is important to identify psychological factors associated with such negative attitudes toward unhealthy older adults. In this study, we focused on subjective health (subjective perception of one’s own health status). We tested the hypothesis that healthy older adults with lower subjective health have more negative attitudes toward unhealthy older adults. We also examined whether this association is still pronounced after controlling for the participants’ physical health status and demographics. In this study, an online survey was conducted among Japanese older adults who were not certified as needing long-term care (N = 1,082, aged 65–88). To control for the participants’ physical health status, we focus on frailty. We conducted a factor analysis and multiple regression analysis on negative attitudes toward unhealthy older adults. As a result, healthy older participants with lower subjective health perceived unhealthy older adults negatively, and this association was still pronounced even after controlling for the participants’ frailty score and demographics. Based on our findings, it is suggested that increasing the subjective health of older adults may help them view each other more positively. Therefore, it is important to devise gerontological and psychological interventions to improve older adults’ subjective health. This study has limitations, such as the fact that we conducted only an online survey. Previous studies on how older adults perceive the social group of older adults are scarce, and further studies are expected.

Miyagawa, Y. (宮川裕基) (2022). 
Self-compassion manipulation regulates affect and aggressive inclinations in the context of social rejection. 
社会的排斥場面において、セルフコンパッションを高めることが情動および攻撃性の制御を促す
Personality and Individual Differences. Advance online publication. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111954

Three studies (combined N = 1035) tested whether inducing a self-compassionate state of mind would help people regulate affect and aggressive inclinations toward rejecters. State self-compassion, negative affect, and pin counts in the voodoo doll task were assessed across all the studies, positive affect was assessed in Studies 2 and 3, and calm affect and revenge intention were assessed in Study 3. Compared with those in the control condition, participants in the self-compassion condition reported higher levels of state self-compassion (Studies 1 to 3), positive affect (Studies 2 and 3), and calm affect (Study 3), and lower levels of negative affect (Studies 1 to 3) and revenge intention (Study 3). A mini meta-analysis showed that participants in the self-compassion condition selected fewer pins to stab into a voodoo doll. Mediation analyses further suggested that negative affect and calm affect played mediator roles in the association between self-compassion manipulation and aggressive inclinations.

Hirashima, T.(平島太郎), & Igarashi, T(五十嵐祐). (2022).
Is Mentalizing Essential to Predict Human Network Size? Reexamining the Social Brain Hypothesis From a Social Network Perspective.
メンタライジングはヒト社会的ネットワークサイズの基盤となるか？ 社会的ネットワークの視点に基づく社会脳仮説の検証
Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science, 13(2), 50–56.
https://doi.org/10.5178/lebs.2022.99

One central question in social science and evolutionary anthropology is how humans can form and maintain large social networks. The social brain hypothesis argues that humans use their mentalizing ability to read others’ minds for the development of dyadic relationships in layered social networks. However, previous empirical studies have not directly examined the association between mentalizing and the size of the active network located at the outermost layer. By introducing a social network perspective, we predicted that individuals use their mentalizing ability not only to form and maintain dyadic relationships but also to belong to multiple communities, which indirectly expands the active network size. We collected data from undergraduates in Japan (N = 175) to examine how mentalizing is linked to the size of online social networks. Mentalizing was positively associated with the number of dyads but not with the number of communities and the active network size. These findings suggest that the social brain hypothesis has limited validity, and there is a need for more careful explanations surrounding the psychological and structural underpinnings of large human social networks.

社会科学や進化人類学の中心的な問いの一つは、ヒトがどのようにして大規模な社会的ネットワークを形成・維持するかということである。社会脳仮説は、ヒトが「他者の心を読む」メンタライジングを用い、多数の他者との社会関係を構築することで大きな社会集団を維持すると主張する。しかし、これまでの実証研究では、メンタライジングと最外層のアクティブネットワークのサイズとの関連は直接的には検討されていない。本研究は、社会ネットワークの視点から、個人がメンタライジングを、ダイアドの形成・維持だけでなく、複数のコミュニティへの所属に用いることで、間接的にアクティブネットワークのサイズを拡大させると予測した。日本人大学生（N = 175）を対象に調査を実施し、LINEの利用状況をもとにネットワークサイズを測定し、メンタライジングとの関連を検討した。その結果、メンタライジングはダイアド数とは正の相関を示したが、所属コミュニティ数およびアクティブネットワークのサイズとは無相関であった。これらの結果は、社会脳仮説の妥当性に限界があることを示唆しており、大規模な人間の社会的ネットワークの心理的・構造的基盤について、より慎重な説明が必要であることを示唆している。