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Ishii (2015)

Ishii, K.（石井敬子） (2015).
Subjective socioeconomic status and cigarette smoking interact to delay discounting.
主観的な社会経済地位と喫煙の交互作用が遅延割引に及ぼす効果
SpringerPlus, 4, 560.
doi: 10.1186/s40064-015-1361-4
 
People generally discount future outcomes, and accordingly accept immediate but smaller gain. This research examined whether this tendency (i.e., delay discounting) is associated with socioeconomic status (SES) and smoking status, and hypothesized that the influence of SES on delay discounting would be moderated by smoking status. Using an Internet survey, 206 participants made choices between receiving hypothetical monetary rewards immediately or with a delay of 1 year. As predicted, the rates of delay discounting were higher as subjective socioeconomic status indicating one’s relative position and standing in a society was lower. Moreover, the tendency was clearer in smokers than in non-smokers, suggesting that cigarette smoking has a moderating effect. In contrast, there was no effect of objective socioeconomic status representing how individuals are able to access valued goods and services.