Yamagishi et al. (2017).

Yamagishi, T.(山岸俊男), Li, Y.(李楊), Fermin, A.S.R, Kanai, R., Takagishi, H.(高岸治人), Matsumoto, Y.(松本良恵), Kiyonari, T. (清成透子) & Sakagami, M.(2017)
Behavioural Differences and Neural Substrates of Altruistic and Spiteful Punishment
利他的と攻撃的な罰の行動的差異と神経基盤
Scientific Reports 7, Article number: 14654 (2017)
doi:10.1038/s41598-017-15188-w

  Altruistic punishment following social norm violations promotes human cooperation. However, experimental evidence indicates that some forms of punishment are spiteful rather than altruistic. Using two types of punishment games and seven non-strategic games, we identified strong behavioural differences between altruistic and spiteful punishers. Altruistic punishers who rejected unfair offers in the ultimatum game and punished norm violators in the third-party punishment game behaved pro-socially in various non-strategic games. Spiteful punishers who rejected unfair offers in the ultimatum game but did not punish norm violators in the third-party punishment game behaved selfishly in non-strategic games. In addition, the left caudate nucleus was larger in spiteful punishers than in altruistic punishers. These findings are in contrast to the previous assumption that altruistic punishers derive pleasure from enforcement of fairness norms, and suggest that spiteful punishers derive pleasure from seeing the target experience negative consequences. プレスリリース：世界初！”利他的な罰行使者”と”攻撃的な罰行使者”の存在を明らかにし、両者で脳の形態的特徴に違いを発見－英国の科学雑誌に論文を発表－