Yamamoto et al. (2017)

Yamamoto, H.(山本仁志), Okada, I., Uchida, S., & Sasaki, T. (2017).
A norm knockout method on indirect reciprocity to reveal indispensable norms.
規範ノックアウト手法による協力の進化のための必須規範の解明
Scientific Reports, 7, 44146.
doi: 10.1038/srep44146

Although various norms for reciprocity-based cooperation have been suggested that are evolutionarily stable against invasion from free riders, the process of alternation of norms and the role of diversified norms remain unclear in the evolution of cooperation. We clarify the co-evolutionary dynamics of norms and cooperation in indirect reciprocity and also identify the indispensable norms for the evolution of cooperation. Inspired by the gene knockout method, a genetic engineering technique, we developed the norm knockout method and clarified the norms necessary for the establishment of cooperation. The results of numerical investigations revealed that the majority of norms gradually transitioned to tolerant norms after defectors are eliminated by strict norms. Furthermore, no cooperation emerges when specific norms that are intolerant to defectors are knocked out. プレスリリース：https://www.u-presscenter.jp/modules/bulletin/index.php?page=article&storyid=11071