国際誌論文データベース

Sasaki, H., Hayashi, Y.（林洋一郎）, & Ochi, T. (2024). 
Interaction of Cognitive and Motivational Processes in Asymmetric Preferences for Gains and Losses.
利得と損失に対する非対称な選好とその背後にある認知と動機づけの相互作用
Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 46(6), 446-455.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01973533.2024.2415914

An experiment on repetitive decision-making was conducted to explore the interaction between cognitive and motivational processes in decision-making. The gain-loss framing of risky choice options was manipulated to investigate cognition, and participants’ chronic regulatory focus was measured to assess motivation. Risky choice demonstrated interactive effects between gain-loss framing and regulatory focus. Participants made less risky or riskier choices in the gain or loss condition, respectively. Furthermore, promotion or prevention-focused individuals chose the risky option more frequently in the gain or loss condition, respectively. The results for response times showed the main effects for the two factors, with no interaction. These results, along with supplementary post-hoc analyses, provide evidence that cognitive and motivational processes are simultaneously involved in risky decision-making.

Ozono, H.（大薗博記）, & Nakama, D.（仲間大輔） (2024).
I will hold a weapon if you hold one: Experiments of preemptive strike game with possession option.
もしあなたが武器を持つなら私も手にする：保持選択付き先制攻撃ゲームによる実験
Evolution and Human Behavior, 45(6), 106635.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106635

Force possession in an inter-personal or inter-group context has been a familiar issue in human evolution and continues to be important today. The puzzle around force possession is that it may result in escalation of force and increase the risk of being attacked even if the force possession is originally intended for self-defense. However, there are few relevant empirical studies. This study examined the determinants of force possession by developing the preemptive strike game to include a possession option. In this game, each player (who is matched with one opponent) decides whether to possess an attack button and, if they possess, they can decide whether to push the button (attack the opponent). If neither the player nor the opponent attack, nothing happens, but if a player attacks first, the player loses a small amount of resources, but the one who is attacked loses significant resources. In this situation, possessing the button raise the potential risk of being attacked due to fear. In Study 1, 182 participants (online crowd workers) played the game, and the results showed the tendency to seek a balance of forces, that is, the higher the opponent’s expected probability of possession, the more likely participants were to decide to possess. However, the opponent’s probability of possession was the measured expectations by the participants. To clarify the causality, in Study 2 with 131 participants (online crowd workers), we experimentally manipulated the probability of the opponent’s possession, and confirmed the same tendency. We discuss the implications and the limitations.

研究内容は、読売新聞オンラインの記事（2024年12月15日）で紹介されました。
https://www.yomiuri.co.jp/national/20241212-OYT1T50139/
一時、ヤフーニュースでも取り上げられましたが、ヤフコメを見る限り、様々な誤解が生じてしまい、研究内容が十分に伝わらなかったようでした。そこで、詳しい研究紹介と、いただいたご意見に対する見解をまとめて、投稿サイト『note』の記事として公開しました。ぜひこちらをご参照ください。
https://note.com/firm_crocus3834/n/ncbd4a713f74d

Ogihara, Y. (荻原祐二), & Uchida, Y. (内田由紀子) (2024). 
Seeking unique dogs: The increase in individualism in Japan.
個性的な犬を求めて：日本における個人主義傾向の増加
Acta Psychologica, 251, 104558. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104558 

Previous research indicated that Japanese culture came to increasingly emphasize uniqueness, showing a rise in individualism. However, such research focused on the naming of babies, making it unclear whether this trend was found in other behaviors. Therefore, the current research examined temporal changes in the behavior of choosing dog types. Study 1 confirmed that choosing hybrid dogs (mixed-breed dogs created by crossing purebred dogs) as a form of uniqueness-seeking was shared in Japanese culture. Study 2 indicated that the ownership rates of unique hybrid dogs increased and the ownership rates of common purebred dogs decreased between 2008 and 2017. Study 3 showed that people increasingly sought information about hybrid dogs online between 2004 and 2018. Study 4 demonstrated that articles in newspapers referring to hybrid dogs increased between 2003 and 2018. These results consistently suggest that people in Japan came to seek more uniqueness and Japanese culture became more individualistic.

[概要] 先行研究は、日本文化では個性をより強調するようになり、個人主義化が進んでいることを示した。しかし、命名行動については検討されていたが、その変化が他の行動においても同様にみられるかどうかは明らかでなかった。そこで本研究では、飼育する犬の種類における選択行動の経時的変化を検討した。研究1は、ミックス犬（純血犬種を交配させて産まれた交雑犬）は個性的であることが、社会で共有されていることを確認した。研究2は、2008年から2017年において、ミックス犬の飼育率が増加し、一般的な純血犬の飼育率は減少していることを示した。研究3は、2004年から2018年において、人々はオンライン上でミックス犬の情報をより探索するようになっていることを示した。研究4は、2003年から2018年において、ミックス犬について言及している新聞記事の割合が増加していることを示した。これらの結果は、一貫して日本の人々はより個性を追求しており、日本文化がより個人主義化していることを示している。

[X (Twitter) post] https://x.com/Yu_Ogihara/status/1867070138853609685

Neff, K. D., & Miyagawa, Y. (宮川裕基) (2024). 
Compassion Scale (CS). 
コンパッション尺度
In O. N. Medvedev, C. U. Krägeloh, R. J. Siegert, & N. N. Singh (Eds). 
Handbook of Assessment in Mindfulness Research (pp.1-10.). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77644-2_106-1

The Compassion Scale (CS) assesses compassion for others using a similar conceptualization that has been used to assess self-compassion. Specifically, the CS measures the degree to which respondents experience kindness, a sense of common humanity, mindfulness, and lack of indifference toward others’ suffering. Factor analyses using bifactor modeling and exploratory structural equation modeling (i.e., bifactor ESEM) suggest that the CS represents a bifactor structure identified by a general compassion factor and four specific factors. Reliability indicators were excellent. Known-groups validity was established in terms of gender and sample differences: Women and meditators reported higher levels of compassion for others than men and community members, respectively. Discriminant validity was supported by nonsignificant correlations between the CS and secure attachment and submissive compassion, in addition to small significant correlation between the CS and social desirability. Convergent validity was demonstrated by significant positive associations between the CS and compassion-related measures such as compassionate love and empathetic concern. The CS was found to have significant associations with functionally related constructs such as self-compassion and mindfulness. Overall, the CS appears to be a valid and reliable measure of compassion for others, assessed in terms of recognizing others’ suffering (i.e., mindfulness), caring about and being motived to alleviate others’ suffering (i.e., kindness), understanding the universality of human suffering (i.e., common humanity), and not turning away from the pain of others (i.e., indifference).

Neff (2003) のセルフ・コンパッションの理論をもとに作成された、他者へのコンパッションを測定する尺度としてのCompassion Scaleに関するこれまでの研究のまとめです。
なお、Compassion Scaleの日本語版は、Miyagawa & Niiya (2024, Mindfulness). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-024-02389-4 をご覧頂けると幸いです。

Ioku, T. (井奥智大), Song, J., & Watamura, E. (綿村英一郎) (2024). 
Trade-offs in AI assistant choice: Do consumers prioritize transparency and sustainability over AI assistant performance? 
AIアシスタント選びにおけるトレードオフ: 消費者はAIアシスタントの性能よりも透明性や持続可能性を重視するのか？
Big Data & Society, 11(4).
https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517241290217

As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes more integrated into society, concerns have arisen about unintended biases in AI-driven decision-making and the environmental impact of AI technology development. AI assistants such as Siri and Alexa, while helpful, can obscure decision-making and contribute to increased energy use and CO2 emissions. The present study explores whether consumers prioritize transparency and environmental sustainability over performance when choosing AI assistants with conjoint designs. Japanese participants were presented with different AI assistant profiles, varying in performance quality, transparency, cost, and environmental efficiency. The results revealed that Japanese participants prioritized transparency over performance when choosing AI assistants, but they prioritized performance over environmental sustainability. Moreover, future-oriented participants placed more importance on sustainability than those with a present orientation, while participants with an internal locus of control valued transparency more than those with an external locus of control. The findings of this study enhance our understanding of how consumers choose AI options and offer valuable guidance for creating AI systems and communication strategies that work effectively.

研究成果のポイント
・ユーザーの音声を認識し、それに対して応答する「AIアシスタント」の利用拡大に伴い、アルゴリズムの透明性や環境への影響が懸念されている
・日本の消費者はAIアシスタント選びにおいて、持続可能性よりも性能を重視し、性能よりも透明性を重視することが分かった
・未来志向の消費者は持続可能性を、内的帰属（物事の原因を自分自身に求める）傾向のある消費者は透明性をより重視していた
・AI開発においては単に高い性能を追求するだけでなく、透明性や持続可能性、また消費者の個性を考慮した設計が求められる

プレスリリースによるわかりやすい内容説明：https://resou.osaka-u.ac.jp/ja/research/2024/20241120_2

Kido, Y., (貴堂雄太) & Takezawa, M. (竹澤正哲) (2024). 
Coevolution of norm psychology and cooperation through exapted conformity.
外適応した多数派同調傾向による規範心理と協力の共進化
Evolutionary Human Sciences, 6, e35.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2024.37

People willingly follow norms and values, often incurring material costs. This behaviour supposedly stems from evolved norm psychology, contributing to large-scale cooperation among humans. It has been argued that cooperation is influenced by two types of norms: injunctive and descriptive. This study theoretically explores the socialisation of humans under these norms. Our agent-based model simulates scenarios where diverse agents with heterogeneous norm psychologies engage in collective action to maximise their utility functions that capture three motives: gaining material payoff, following injunctive and descriptive norms. Multilevel selective pressure drives the evolution of norm psychology that affects the utility function. Further, we develop a model with exapted conformity, assuming selective advantage for descriptive norm psychology. We show that norm psychology can evolve via cultural group selection. We then identify two normative conditions that favour the evolution of norm psychology, and therefore cooperation: injunctive norms promoting punitive behaviour and descriptive norms. Furthermore, we delineate different characteristics of cooperative societies under these two conditions and explore the potential for a macro transition between them. Together, our results validate the emergence of large-scale cooperative societies through social norms and suggest complementary roles that conformity and punishment play in human prosociality.

Shimizu, Y.(清水佑輔), Kudo, Y.(工藤泰幸), & Karasawa, K.(唐沢かおり) (2024). 
Are older adults perceived as morally better than middle-aged persons? Focus on the stereotype content model.
高齢者は中年よりも道徳的に善いと認知されているのか：ステレオタイプ内容モデルに着目して
Acta Psychologica, 251, 104584.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104584

Identifying and improving existing morality perceptions regarding older adults is crucial for fostering intergenerational cooperation and constructing an inclusive society. In this study, we conducted two online experiments with Japanese participants to investigate the degrees to which older adults are perceived as moral. We predicted that older adults are more likely to be perceived as morally good compared to middle-aged individuals (Hypothesis 1), and that regardless of the target person’s age, individuals perceived as warm (Hypothesis 2) and competent (Hypothesis 3) are more likely to be regarded as morally good. In Study 1, participants were instructed to freely describe a typical older (aged 80 years) or middle-aged (aged 50 years) target individual. Contrary to expectations, the middle-aged target individual was perceived as morally better than the older counterpart. Meanwhile, regardless of the target individual’s age, the target individuals perceived as warm and competent were more likely to be viewed as morally good. In Study 2, participants were presented with a simple vignette describing an older (aged 80 years) or middle-aged (aged 50 years) target individual, manipulating their warmth (warm/cold) and competence (competent/incompetent). The results indicated no effect of target age on moral perceptions, but warmer and/or more competent target individuals elicited higher moral perceptions. Thus, Hypothesis 1 was not supported in either study, whereas Hypotheses 2 and 3 were supported across both studies. These findings underscore the importance of enhancing moral perceptions, warmth, and competence regarding older adults to facilitate appropriate assistance from other generations.

Asano, R.（浅野良輔）, Kanemasa, Y.（金政祐司）, Komura, K.（古村健太郎）, & Ito, K. (2024)
The interdependent nature of well-being: Evidence from American and Japanese spouses. 
幸福感の相互依存性：米国と日本の夫婦データによる検討
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. Advance online publication.
https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672241285180

The present study investigated spousal interdependencies in well-being and the sources of these interdependencies among Americans and Japanese. We collected high-powered three-wave longitudinal and cross-sectional data from a wide age range of participants (Ns = 3,012 American couples aged 26–96 and 2,307 Japanese couples aged 24–76) and assessed a variety of well-being measures. Study 1 replicated previous findings that American spouses’ well-being was positively associated with each other. Studies 2a and 2b generalized the findings of Study 1 to Japanese spouses. Both Studies 1 and 2b showed conflicting results: There were effects of mutual influence and shared environmental factors’ influences on American and Japanese spouses’ well-being in a longitudinal actor-partner interdependence model when using the cross-lagged panel model, but not when using the random intercept cross-lagged panel model. These findings illustrate that the interdependent nature of well-being is an essential feature of American and Japanese married couples.

米国人の縦断的夫婦データと日本人の横断的・縦断的夫婦データを用いて、幸福感が配偶者間で関連しているかどうかを検討しました。米国人・日本人ともに、先行研究に基づいた縦断データ分析（CLPM）を行うと同様の結果が得られた一方で、新たな縦断データ分析（RI-CLPM）を行うと異なる結果が得られたのが特徴です。

Yamamoto, H.(山本仁志), Okada, I.(岡田勇), Sasaki, T., & Uchida, S. (2024).
Clarifying social norms which have robustness against reputation costs and defector invasion in indirect reciprocity.
間接互恵性における評判コストと非協力者に対する頑健性を持つ社会的規範の解明
Scientific Reports, 14(1), 25073.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-76168-5

The evolution of cooperation through indirect reciprocity is a pivotal mechanism for sustaining large-scale societies. Because third parties return cooperative behaviour in indirect reciprocity, reputations that assess and share these third parties’ behaviour play an essential role. Studies on indirect reciprocity have predominantly focused on the costs associated with cooperative behaviour, overlooking the costs tied to the mechanisms underpinning reputation sharing. Here, we explore the robustness of social norms necessary to secure the stability of indirect reciprocity, considering both the costs of reputation and the resilience against perfect defectors. Firstly, our results replicate that only eight social norms, known as the ‘leading eight,’ can establish a cooperative regime. Secondly, we reveal the robustness of these norms against reputation costs and perfect defectors. Our analysis identifies four norms that exhibit resilience in the presence of defectors due to their neutral stance on justified defection and another four that demonstrate robustness against reputation costs through their negative evaluation of unjustified cooperation. The study underscores the need to further research how reputational information is shared within societies to promote cooperation in diverse and complex environments.

Shimizu, Y.,(清水佑輔) Komoto, S., Manome, Y.,(馬目蓉子) & Karasawa, K.(唐沢かおり) (in press).
Reducing benevolent sexism: Focusing on its harm against women and pervasiveness.
慈愛的偏見の軽減：女性に対する影響と普及度に着目して
International Journal of Psychology.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.13251 (Early View)

Although gender equality is a global goal, significant disparity remains between men and women. Benevolent sexism (BS) is widespread and contributes to the maintenance of the gender gap. To reduce BS, many previous studies have implemented long-term intervention programmes. In contrast, we posit that it is necessary to reduce BS efficiently through simpler methods. This study aimed to reduce participants’ BS endorsement by presenting experimental vignettes regarding (a) the harm of BS against women and (b) the pervasiveness of BS. An online experiment was conducted with male and female Japanese participants (n = 816). The results showed that the main effect of presenting the harm of BS against women was significant only among female participants. However, neither the main effect of presenting the pervasiveness of BS nor the interaction between presenting harm and pervasiveness were found. We suggested strategies to reduce BS, especially when endorsed by men. Our experimental manipulation can be conducted in a short time and on many participants simultaneously. More empirical studies aimed at reducing BS should be conducted in the future.