国際誌論文データベース

Ishii, T.(石井辰典), & Watanabe, K. (2024).
Cultural transmission and religious belief: An extended replication of Gervais and Najle (2015) using data from the International Social Survey Programme.
宗教的信念の文化伝達：International Social Survey Programmeデータの二次分析によるGervais & Najle (2015) の拡張的追試
PLoS ONE, 19(6): e0305635.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0305635

Beliefs in supernatural agents or religious beliefs are pervasive, yet there are individual differences in such beliefs. Although various factors have been proposed as relevant, recent research has increasingly emphasized the importance of cultural learning, showing that enthusiastic religious behavior (credibility enhancing displays; CREDs) from parents predicts increased religious beliefs among their children. In addition to this kin-biased learning, Gervais and Najle (2015) analyzed data from the World Values Survey to demonstrate that the number of adults who show religious CREDs is also an important predictor of people’s beliefs, indicating that individuals develop their religious beliefs through conformist learning. This pre-registration study aimed to replicate and extend these findings by analyzing data from the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), which is another large social survey. We examined the generalizability of the results by analyzing multigenerational samples. Multilevel regression and signal detection analyses revealed that the presence of both kin-biased and conformist learning cues was significantly associated with respondents’ religious beliefs. Moreover, they suggested tension between the two cultural learning cues, thereby suggesting that the effect of kin-biased learning on religious beliefs becomes stronger (weaker) when the cue for conformist learning is unclear (clear). These results support the idea that these two types of cultural learning are crucial to the development of religious beliefs.

Ioku, T. (井奥智大), & Watamura, E. (綿村英一郎) (2024).
An experimental study of the process of felt understanding in intergroup relations: Japanese and Chinese relations in Japan.
集団間関係における理解知覚の過程に関する実験的検討
Scientific Reports, 14, 13096.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-63227-0

“Felt understanding” is a crucial determinant of positive interpersonal and intergroup relationships. However, the question of why felt understanding shapes intergroup relations has been neglected. In a pre-registered test of the process in intergroup relations with a sample from East Asia, we manipulated felt understanding (understood versus misunderstood by an outgroup) in an experimental study (N = 476). The results supported the expectation that felt understanding would lead to a more positive intergroup orientation and action intention. The results of parallel mediation analyses showed that felt understanding indirectly predicted intergroup outcomes through felt positive regard, intergroup overlap, and outgroup stereotypes. Furthermore, the results of post-hoc sequential mediation analyses indicated that felt understanding indirectly predicted intergroup outcomes sequentially through felt positive regard and intergroup overlap, followed by outgroup stereotypes.

・「相手が自分のことをわかってくれる」と思うと、人は相手とより関わろうとする傾向がある。その心理的な変化のプロセス、メカニズムを解明 ・その心の働きは、「相手に対する偏見が減る」ことによる部分が大きかった
・本研究成果は外国人に対する差別問題の解消に役立つと期待される

プレスリリースによるわかりやすい内容説明： https://resou.osaka-u.ac.jp/ja/research/2024/20240624_1

Shimizu, Y.(志水勇之進), Ogawa, K.(小川一美), Kimura, M.(木村昌紀), Fujiwara, K.(藤原 健), & Watanabe, N. (2024).
The influence of emotional facial expression intensity on decoding accuracy: High intensity does not yield high accuracy.
表情における感情表出の強度が解読の正確さに及ぼす影響：強度が高くなっても解読の正確さは高まらない
Japanese Psychological Research, 66(4).
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jpr.12529

This study examined the relationship between the intensity of emotional expressions in facial stimuli and receivers’ decoding accuracy for six basic emotions: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. A laboratory experiment was conducted using the forced-choice method, in which the intensity of each stimulus was manipulated at every 10% interval using the morphing technique. To explore whether a linear relationship would be observed when the intensity was finely manipulated at 10% intervals, a hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed. The mean percentage of correct responses for each stimulus was the dependent variable, and the linear, quadratic, and cubic terms of the stimulus intensity were the independent variables. The results showed that the linear model was not adopted as the final model for all facial expressions; that is, the effect of the squared term of intensity was significant for anger, disgust, fear, and sadness, while the effect of the cubic term of intensity was significant for happiness and surprise. Our findings indicate that a higher intensity of emotional expression does not yield higher decoding accuracy.

・怒り，嫌悪，恐れ，喜び，悲しみ，驚きの6つの基本感情について，表情刺激における感情表出の強度と受け手の解読の正確さとの関係を検討した。
・各刺激の強度はモーフィングを用いて, 0 (中立表情)～100%の10％間隔で操作した。
・各刺激の平均正答率を従属変数，刺激の強度の線形項，2乗項，3乗項を独立変数として表情カテゴリーごとに階層的重回帰分析を行った。
・怒り，嫌悪，恐れ，悲しみでは強度の2乗項の効果が有意であり，喜びと驚きでは強度の3乗項の効果が有意であった。
以上より，感情表出の強度が高いほど解読の正確さが線形的に高まるわけではないことが明らかになった。

Miyagawa, Y. (宮川裕基), & Niiya, Y. (新谷優). (2024). 
Psychometric validation of the Compassion Scale in Japan (CS-J). 
日本語版コンパッション尺度 (CS-J) の開発
Mindfulness.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-024-02389-4

Objectives: The Compassion Scale (CS) is a model-based scale to measure compassion for others, comprising four subcomponents: kindness, common humanity, mindfulness, and sensitivity to the suffering of others. This research examined the psychometric properties of the Compassion Scale in Japan (CS-J). Method: This research (n = 1742) examined the factor structure of the CS-J, the relations of the CS-J to compassion-related constructs (Study 1), intra- and interpersonal well-being (Study 2), and dispositions primarily concerned with the welfare of others (Study 3), and the test-retest reliability over a month (Study 4). Results: Exploratory structural equation modeling identified that a bifactor structure best represented the CS-J. Internal reliability indicators warranted the use of total scores (internal consistency, ω = 0.94) and subscales (ω = 0.82 to 0.92). The test-retest reliability was adequate for the total scores (r = 0.73) and acceptable for the subscales (r = 0.45 to 0.68). The CS-J showed positive correlations with self-compassion, compassionate engagement and action, mindfulness, empathetic concerns, perspective-taking, altruism, compassionate goals, self-image goals, interdependent happiness, positive affect, life satisfaction, psychological well-being, and social desirability with small to large effect sizes. The CS-J was negatively associated with negative affect and psychological stress responses with small effect sizes. Conclusions: These results provided evidence for the validity of the CS-J. Our results in Japan indicated that compassion for others represents a balanced system of increased compassionate responding and decreased uncompassionate responding toward others’ suffering. Preregistration: Our studies were preregistered at the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/jha6q and https://osf.io/b8f5v).

Pommier et al. (2020) によるCompassion Scale (CS) の日本語版です。Dr. Kristin Neffによるセルフコンパッションの概念を他者へのコンパッションに応用した尺度です。CSは16項目で、他者に対するコンパッションを測定します。4つの研究により、日本においても、CSがbi-factor構造を示すこと、セルフコンパッション等と関連すること、信頼性の観点からCS全体得点および４つの下位尺度 (Kindness, common humanity, mindfulness, and a lack of indifference toward others’ suffering) が使用可能なことを示しました。CSの日本語項目は論文の電子付録に載っております。

Neff, K. D., & Miyagawa, Y. (宮川裕基) (2024). 
State Self-Compassion Scale Long Form (SSCS-L) and Short Form (SSCS-S). 
状態セルフ・コンパッション尺度: 18項目版(SSCS-L)および６項目版(SSCS-S)
In: Medvedev, O. N., Krägeloh, C. U., Siegert, R. J., Singh, N. N. (eds) Handbook of Assessment in Mindfulness Research, Springer. 
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77644-2_105-1

The State Self-Compassion Scale-Long Form (SSCS-L) assesses self-compassionate reactions experienced toward a current instance of personal suffering. Its structure is based on the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), which is designed to measure self-compassion as a trait over time. Factor analyses using bifactor modeling and exploratory structural factor analyses (i.e., bifactor ESEM) suggested that, like the SCS, the SSCS-L represents a bifactor structure identified by a general self-compassion factor and six specific factors: increased self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness as well as reduced self-judgment, isolation, and over-identification. The SCSC-L demonstrated excellent reliability, and validity was further established by associations with functionally related constructs such as affect, trait self-compassion, and fears of self-compassion in the expected direction. The State Self-Compassion Scale—Short form (SSCS-S) was created from the SSCS-L items, which includes 6 items (one from each subscale). Findings suggest that the SSCS-S represents a single-factor structure of total state self-compassion with adequate reliability. Both SSCS-L and SSCS-S were able to assess changes in levels of state self-compassion after an experimental manipulation to boost state self-compassion (using a self-compassionate mindstate induction). Specifically, after recalling personal suffering, participants who received the self-compassionate mindstate induction reported increases in total state self-compassion, self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness, and decreases in self-judgment, isolation, and over-identification, while those in a control group did not report significant changes in state self-compassion. Similar results were obtained in Japan, suggesting that the SSCS-L and SSCS-S operate consistently across cultures. The SSCS long and short forms appear to be valid and reliable measures of state self-compassion.

状態セルフ・コンパッション尺度 (Neff et al., 2021) に関する理論的背景、尺度開発過程、米国ならびに日本等における本尺度の妥当性・信頼性に関するまとめです。

Ogihara, Y. (荻原祐二) (2024).
Numbers of articles in the three Japanese national newspapers, 1872-2021.
日本の三大全国紙における記事数, 1872-2021
Scientific Data, 11, 437.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-03245-9

Newspapers have been analyzed in many disciplines, including the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. However, previous research using Japanese newspapers investigated the absolute frequency (number) of articles of interest and did not examine the relative frequency (rate) of articles, restricting a deeper understanding of humans, society, and nature. The absolute frequency and the relative frequency of articles can show different patterns of results, which leads to different conclusions. Thus, investigating only the absolute frequency of articles is insufficient, or sometimes misleading. Therefore, it is necessary to examine not only the absolute frequency of articles but also their relative frequency. For this purpose, I conducted a series of systematic searches and provided the yearly numbers of articles in the three databases of Japanese national newspapers over the 150 years between 1872 and 2021. This paper enables researchers to calculate the relative frequency of articles, contributing to research in many disciplines.

概要（Abstractの日本語訳）
新聞は、人文学・社会科学・自然科学を含めた多くの学術領域によって分析されてきた。しかし、日本の新聞を用いた先行研究は、分析対象とする記事の絶対頻度（数）を検討しているが、相対頻度（全記事に占める割合）は検討していないことが多く、人間や社会、自然の更なる理解を制限していた。記事の絶対頻度と相対頻度は異なるパターンの結果となり得るため、異なる結論が導かれる可能性がある。よって、記事の絶対頻度を検討するだけでは不十分であり、時には判断を誤らせることにもなる。それゆえに、記事の絶対頻度だけでなく、相対頻度も検討する必要がある。相対頻度を算出するため、1872年から2021年までの150年間における、日本の三大全国紙（読売新聞・朝日新聞・毎日新聞）のデータベースに収録された記事に対して、体系的な検索を網羅的に行い、各年の全記事数を報告した。本論文は、記事の相対頻度の算出を可能にすることで、多くの学術領域に貢献する。

https://twitter.com/Yu_Ogihara/status/1786188605213597762

Nakashima, S. F.（中嶋智史）, Ukezono, M., & Takano, Y. (2024). 
Painful Experiences in Social Contexts Facilitate Sensitivity to Emotional Signals of Pain from Conspecifics in Laboratory Rats.
社会的文脈における痛み経験は実験室ラットにおける同種個体からの痛みの情動シグナルに対する感受性を促進する 
Animals, 14, 1280.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14091280

Previous studies demonstrated that laboratory rats could visually receive emotional pain signals from conspecifics through pictorial stimuli. The present study examined whether a prior painful emotional experience of the receiver influenced the sensitivity of emotional expression recognition in laboratory rats. The experiment comprised four phases: the baseline preference test, pain manipulation test, post-manipulation preference test, and state anxiety test. In the baseline phase, the rats explored an apparatus comprising two boxes to which pictures of pain or neutral expressions of other conspecifics were attached. In the pain manipulation phase, each rat was allocated to one of three conditions: foot shock alone (pained-alone; PA), foot shock with other unfamiliar conspecifics (pained-with-other; PWO), or no foot shock (control). In the post-manipulation phase, the animals explored the apparatus in the same manner as they did in the baseline phase. Finally, an open-field test was used to measure state anxiety. These findings indicate that rats in the PWO group stayed longer per entry in a box with photographs depicting a neutral disposition than in a box with photographs depicting pain after manipulation. The results of the open-field test showed no significant differences between the groups, suggesting that the increased sensitivity to pain expression in other individuals due to pain experiences in social settings was not due to increased primary state anxiety. Furthermore, the results indicate that rats may use a combination of self-painful experiences and the states of other conspecifics to process the emotional signal of pain from other conspecifics. In addition, changes in the responses of rats to facial expressions in accordance with social experience suggest that the expression function of rats is not only used for emotional expressions but also for communication.

げっ歯類のような集団生活を営む哺乳類の生存には、同種の他個体から情動信号を受け取ることが重要である。これまでの研究から、ラットは痛みに対する感情表現を示し、また他個体からの情動的なシグナルを区別することが明らかになっているが、彼らが他個体から受け取った視覚的シグナルをその後の行動に利用しているかは不明であった。本研究では、ラットのその後の行動（すなわち、視覚的な痛みの情動シグナルに近づくか、あるいは中立の情動シグナルに近づくか）に影響を及ぼすように、痛みの経験や他の同居動物の存在を操作した。実験の結果、他個体とともに痛みを受ける経験をした群では、条件操作後において痛み表情写真に比べて中性表情写真に対する1回あたりの接近時間が長くなっていたのに対し、痛みのみを経験した群や痛みを経験していない群ではそのような傾向はみられなかった。これらの結果から、ラットは自己の痛み体験と同種他個体の状態を組み合わせて、他個体からの痛みの情動シグナルを処理している可能性が示された。また、ラットの表情に対する反応が社会的経験に応じて変化することから、ラットの表情は感情表現の機能としてだけでなく、コミュニケーション機能としても使われている可能性が示唆された。

Miura, A.（三浦麻子）, Murayama, A.（村山綾）, & Kitamura, H.（北村英哉） (2024).
Behind the mask: Analyzing the dual influence of social norms on pandemic behavior in Japan.
マスク着用に2つの社会的規範が及ぼす影響
Japanese Psychological Research. (Early View)
https://doi.org/10.1111/jpr.12520

This study examines the relationship between social norms and mask-wearing behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan from two distinct normative perspectives: injunctive norms (governmental recommendations) and descriptive norms (observed behavior in others). Data were collected from a panel survey of Japanese residents from February to October 2023. Contrary to the study’s hypothesis, which was based on system justification theory, no significant relationship was found between system justification motivation and individual mask-wearing rates, either before or after the relaxation of governmental rules in March 2023. Additionally, a cross-lagged panel model analysis conducted after the rule relaxation indicated a relationship between descriptive norms (societal estimates of mask-wearing rates) and individual behavior. However, the influence of descriptive norms on individual mask-wearing behavior was not as pronounced as was anticipated. The study highlights the complexities in the interplay between societal norms and individual behavior in public health crises, underscoring the importance of considering various factors, including cultural predispositions.

・アフターコロナ期における日本人のマスク着用に、2種類の規範（「政府による推奨政策」と「周囲の着用状況」）が与える影響を検証した
・長期にわたるパネル調査データを用いて、アフターコロナへの重要な転換期を含む期間を分析した
・マスク着用の動機は、「政府が推奨している」という命令的規範の遵守や周囲からの強い同調圧力というよりも、「私がしたいから」という個人の判断によるものが大きかった
・コロナ禍を題材に、私たちの社会行動と「状況の力」との複雑な関係を明らかにした

Nakata, S. (中田星矢), Masumi, A., & Toya, G. (2024). 
Formalising prestige bias: Differences between models with first-order and second-order cues.
名声バイアスの定式化： 一次手がかりモデルと二次手がかりモデルにおける文化進化の違い
Evolutionary Human Sciences. Published online 2024:1-28. 
doi:10.1017/ehs.2024.12

Knowledge and behaviour are transmitted from one individual to another through social learning and eventually disseminated across the population. People often learn useful behaviours socially through selective bias rather than random selection of targets. Prestige bias, or the tendency to selectively imitate prestigious individuals, has been considered an important factor in influencing human behaviour. Although its importance in human society and culture has been recognised, the formulation of prestige bias is less developed than that of other social learning biases. To examine the effects of prestige bias on cultural evolution theoretically, it is imperative to formulate prestige and investigate its basic properties. We reviewed two definitions: one based on first-order cues, such as the demonstrator’s appearance and job title, and the other based on second-order cues, such as people’s behaviour towards the demonstrator (e.g. people increasingly pay attention to prestigious individuals). This study builds a computational model of prestige bias based on these two definitions and compares the cultural evolutionary dynamics they generate. Our models demonstrate the importance of distinguishing between the two types of formalisation, because they can have different influences on cultural evolution.

Ioku, T.（井奥智大）, & Watamura, E（綿村英一郎）. (2024).
Cultural invariance and ideological variance of collective ownership threat in intergroup relations.
集団間関係における集団的所有権脅威の文化的不変性とイデオロギー的可変性
Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology. Advance online publication.
https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000707

We fear losing control over what we perceive to be ours. This fear is called the collective ownership threat (COT). According to the concept of COT, territorial infringements pose collective ownership threats, which are linked to adverse intergroup relations. Given the distinct features of ethnic homogeneity and collectivism, we examine whether COT can be applied to an East Asian context, Japan. Additionally, the reactive liberal model proposes that liberals are more prone than conservatives to feel threatened by the infringements of an out-group. Integrating COT and reactive liberal models, this study conducted an online experiment with Japanese adults. In the experiment, when the participants were shown an article about a territorial infringement by China, they felt COT and resisted Japan’s support of China’s policies. Furthermore, liberals were more inclined than conservatives to see the infringements as COT and therefore strongly resisted Japan’s support of China’s policies. These results indicate cultural invariance and ideological variance in COT.

プレスリリースURL：https://resou.osaka-u.ac.jp/ja/research/2024/20240304_1