国際誌論文データベース

Ogihara, Y. (荻原祐二), & Uchida, Y. (内田由紀子) (2024). 
Seeking unique dogs: The increase in individualism in Japan.
個性的な犬を求めて：日本における個人主義傾向の増加
Acta Psychologica, 251, 104558. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104558 

Previous research indicated that Japanese culture came to increasingly emphasize uniqueness, showing a rise in individualism. However, such research focused on the naming of babies, making it unclear whether this trend was found in other behaviors. Therefore, the current research examined temporal changes in the behavior of choosing dog types. Study 1 confirmed that choosing hybrid dogs (mixed-breed dogs created by crossing purebred dogs) as a form of uniqueness-seeking was shared in Japanese culture. Study 2 indicated that the ownership rates of unique hybrid dogs increased and the ownership rates of common purebred dogs decreased between 2008 and 2017. Study 3 showed that people increasingly sought information about hybrid dogs online between 2004 and 2018. Study 4 demonstrated that articles in newspapers referring to hybrid dogs increased between 2003 and 2018. These results consistently suggest that people in Japan came to seek more uniqueness and Japanese culture became more individualistic.

[概要] 先行研究は、日本文化では個性をより強調するようになり、個人主義化が進んでいることを示した。しかし、命名行動については検討されていたが、その変化が他の行動においても同様にみられるかどうかは明らかでなかった。そこで本研究では、飼育する犬の種類における選択行動の経時的変化を検討した。研究1は、ミックス犬（純血犬種を交配させて産まれた交雑犬）は個性的であることが、社会で共有されていることを確認した。研究2は、2008年から2017年において、ミックス犬の飼育率が増加し、一般的な純血犬の飼育率は減少していることを示した。研究3は、2004年から2018年において、人々はオンライン上でミックス犬の情報をより探索するようになっていることを示した。研究4は、2003年から2018年において、ミックス犬について言及している新聞記事の割合が増加していることを示した。これらの結果は、一貫して日本の人々はより個性を追求しており、日本文化がより個人主義化していることを示している。

[X (Twitter) post] https://x.com/Yu_Ogihara/status/1867070138853609685

Neff, K. D., & Miyagawa, Y. (宮川裕基) (2024). 
Compassion Scale (CS). 
コンパッション尺度
In O. N. Medvedev, C. U. Krägeloh, R. J. Siegert, & N. N. Singh (Eds). 
Handbook of Assessment in Mindfulness Research (pp.1-10.). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77644-2_106-1

The Compassion Scale (CS) assesses compassion for others using a similar conceptualization that has been used to assess self-compassion. Specifically, the CS measures the degree to which respondents experience kindness, a sense of common humanity, mindfulness, and lack of indifference toward others’ suffering. Factor analyses using bifactor modeling and exploratory structural equation modeling (i.e., bifactor ESEM) suggest that the CS represents a bifactor structure identified by a general compassion factor and four specific factors. Reliability indicators were excellent. Known-groups validity was established in terms of gender and sample differences: Women and meditators reported higher levels of compassion for others than men and community members, respectively. Discriminant validity was supported by nonsignificant correlations between the CS and secure attachment and submissive compassion, in addition to small significant correlation between the CS and social desirability. Convergent validity was demonstrated by significant positive associations between the CS and compassion-related measures such as compassionate love and empathetic concern. The CS was found to have significant associations with functionally related constructs such as self-compassion and mindfulness. Overall, the CS appears to be a valid and reliable measure of compassion for others, assessed in terms of recognizing others’ suffering (i.e., mindfulness), caring about and being motived to alleviate others’ suffering (i.e., kindness), understanding the universality of human suffering (i.e., common humanity), and not turning away from the pain of others (i.e., indifference).

Neff (2003) のセルフ・コンパッションの理論をもとに作成された、他者へのコンパッションを測定する尺度としてのCompassion Scaleに関するこれまでの研究のまとめです。
なお、Compassion Scaleの日本語版は、Miyagawa & Niiya (2024, Mindfulness). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-024-02389-4 をご覧頂けると幸いです。

Ioku, T. (井奥智大), Song, J., & Watamura, E. (綿村英一郎) (2024). 
Trade-offs in AI assistant choice: Do consumers prioritize transparency and sustainability over AI assistant performance? 
AIアシスタント選びにおけるトレードオフ: 消費者はAIアシスタントの性能よりも透明性や持続可能性を重視するのか？
Big Data & Society, 11(4).
https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517241290217

As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes more integrated into society, concerns have arisen about unintended biases in AI-driven decision-making and the environmental impact of AI technology development. AI assistants such as Siri and Alexa, while helpful, can obscure decision-making and contribute to increased energy use and CO2 emissions. The present study explores whether consumers prioritize transparency and environmental sustainability over performance when choosing AI assistants with conjoint designs. Japanese participants were presented with different AI assistant profiles, varying in performance quality, transparency, cost, and environmental efficiency. The results revealed that Japanese participants prioritized transparency over performance when choosing AI assistants, but they prioritized performance over environmental sustainability. Moreover, future-oriented participants placed more importance on sustainability than those with a present orientation, while participants with an internal locus of control valued transparency more than those with an external locus of control. The findings of this study enhance our understanding of how consumers choose AI options and offer valuable guidance for creating AI systems and communication strategies that work effectively.

研究成果のポイント
・ユーザーの音声を認識し、それに対して応答する「AIアシスタント」の利用拡大に伴い、アルゴリズムの透明性や環境への影響が懸念されている
・日本の消費者はAIアシスタント選びにおいて、持続可能性よりも性能を重視し、性能よりも透明性を重視することが分かった
・未来志向の消費者は持続可能性を、内的帰属（物事の原因を自分自身に求める）傾向のある消費者は透明性をより重視していた
・AI開発においては単に高い性能を追求するだけでなく、透明性や持続可能性、また消費者の個性を考慮した設計が求められる

プレスリリースによるわかりやすい内容説明：https://resou.osaka-u.ac.jp/ja/research/2024/20241120_2

Kido, Y., (貴堂雄太) & Takezawa, M. (竹澤正哲) (2024). 
Coevolution of norm psychology and cooperation through exapted conformity.
外適応した多数派同調傾向による規範心理と協力の共進化
Evolutionary Human Sciences, 6, e35.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2024.37

People willingly follow norms and values, often incurring material costs. This behaviour supposedly stems from evolved norm psychology, contributing to large-scale cooperation among humans. It has been argued that cooperation is influenced by two types of norms: injunctive and descriptive. This study theoretically explores the socialisation of humans under these norms. Our agent-based model simulates scenarios where diverse agents with heterogeneous norm psychologies engage in collective action to maximise their utility functions that capture three motives: gaining material payoff, following injunctive and descriptive norms. Multilevel selective pressure drives the evolution of norm psychology that affects the utility function. Further, we develop a model with exapted conformity, assuming selective advantage for descriptive norm psychology. We show that norm psychology can evolve via cultural group selection. We then identify two normative conditions that favour the evolution of norm psychology, and therefore cooperation: injunctive norms promoting punitive behaviour and descriptive norms. Furthermore, we delineate different characteristics of cooperative societies under these two conditions and explore the potential for a macro transition between them. Together, our results validate the emergence of large-scale cooperative societies through social norms and suggest complementary roles that conformity and punishment play in human prosociality.

Shimizu, Y.(清水佑輔), Kudo, Y.(工藤泰幸), & Karasawa, K.(唐沢かおり) (2024). 
Are older adults perceived as morally better than middle-aged persons? Focus on the stereotype content model.
高齢者は中年よりも道徳的に善いと認知されているのか：ステレオタイプ内容モデルに着目して
Acta Psychologica, 251, 104584.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104584

Identifying and improving existing morality perceptions regarding older adults is crucial for fostering intergenerational cooperation and constructing an inclusive society. In this study, we conducted two online experiments with Japanese participants to investigate the degrees to which older adults are perceived as moral. We predicted that older adults are more likely to be perceived as morally good compared to middle-aged individuals (Hypothesis 1), and that regardless of the target person’s age, individuals perceived as warm (Hypothesis 2) and competent (Hypothesis 3) are more likely to be regarded as morally good. In Study 1, participants were instructed to freely describe a typical older (aged 80 years) or middle-aged (aged 50 years) target individual. Contrary to expectations, the middle-aged target individual was perceived as morally better than the older counterpart. Meanwhile, regardless of the target individual’s age, the target individuals perceived as warm and competent were more likely to be viewed as morally good. In Study 2, participants were presented with a simple vignette describing an older (aged 80 years) or middle-aged (aged 50 years) target individual, manipulating their warmth (warm/cold) and competence (competent/incompetent). The results indicated no effect of target age on moral perceptions, but warmer and/or more competent target individuals elicited higher moral perceptions. Thus, Hypothesis 1 was not supported in either study, whereas Hypotheses 2 and 3 were supported across both studies. These findings underscore the importance of enhancing moral perceptions, warmth, and competence regarding older adults to facilitate appropriate assistance from other generations.

Asano, R.（浅野良輔）, Kanemasa, Y.（金政祐司）, Komura, K.（古村健太郎）, & Ito, K. (2024)
The interdependent nature of well-being: Evidence from American and Japanese spouses. 
幸福感の相互依存性：米国と日本の夫婦データによる検討
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. Advance online publication.
https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672241285180

The present study investigated spousal interdependencies in well-being and the sources of these interdependencies among Americans and Japanese. We collected high-powered three-wave longitudinal and cross-sectional data from a wide age range of participants (Ns = 3,012 American couples aged 26–96 and 2,307 Japanese couples aged 24–76) and assessed a variety of well-being measures. Study 1 replicated previous findings that American spouses’ well-being was positively associated with each other. Studies 2a and 2b generalized the findings of Study 1 to Japanese spouses. Both Studies 1 and 2b showed conflicting results: There were effects of mutual influence and shared environmental factors’ influences on American and Japanese spouses’ well-being in a longitudinal actor-partner interdependence model when using the cross-lagged panel model, but not when using the random intercept cross-lagged panel model. These findings illustrate that the interdependent nature of well-being is an essential feature of American and Japanese married couples.

米国人の縦断的夫婦データと日本人の横断的・縦断的夫婦データを用いて、幸福感が配偶者間で関連しているかどうかを検討しました。米国人・日本人ともに、先行研究に基づいた縦断データ分析（CLPM）を行うと同様の結果が得られた一方で、新たな縦断データ分析（RI-CLPM）を行うと異なる結果が得られたのが特徴です。

Yamamoto, H.(山本仁志), Okada, I.(岡田勇), Sasaki, T., & Uchida, S. (2024).
Clarifying social norms which have robustness against reputation costs and defector invasion in indirect reciprocity.
間接互恵性における評判コストと非協力者に対する頑健性を持つ社会的規範の解明
Scientific Reports, 14(1), 25073.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-76168-5

The evolution of cooperation through indirect reciprocity is a pivotal mechanism for sustaining large-scale societies. Because third parties return cooperative behaviour in indirect reciprocity, reputations that assess and share these third parties’ behaviour play an essential role. Studies on indirect reciprocity have predominantly focused on the costs associated with cooperative behaviour, overlooking the costs tied to the mechanisms underpinning reputation sharing. Here, we explore the robustness of social norms necessary to secure the stability of indirect reciprocity, considering both the costs of reputation and the resilience against perfect defectors. Firstly, our results replicate that only eight social norms, known as the ‘leading eight,’ can establish a cooperative regime. Secondly, we reveal the robustness of these norms against reputation costs and perfect defectors. Our analysis identifies four norms that exhibit resilience in the presence of defectors due to their neutral stance on justified defection and another four that demonstrate robustness against reputation costs through their negative evaluation of unjustified cooperation. The study underscores the need to further research how reputational information is shared within societies to promote cooperation in diverse and complex environments.

Shimizu, Y.,(清水佑輔) Komoto, S., Manome, Y.,(馬目蓉子) & Karasawa, K.(唐沢かおり) (in press).
Reducing benevolent sexism: Focusing on its harm against women and pervasiveness.
慈愛的偏見の軽減：女性に対する影響と普及度に着目して
International Journal of Psychology.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.13251 (Early View)

Although gender equality is a global goal, significant disparity remains between men and women. Benevolent sexism (BS) is widespread and contributes to the maintenance of the gender gap. To reduce BS, many previous studies have implemented long-term intervention programmes. In contrast, we posit that it is necessary to reduce BS efficiently through simpler methods. This study aimed to reduce participants’ BS endorsement by presenting experimental vignettes regarding (a) the harm of BS against women and (b) the pervasiveness of BS. An online experiment was conducted with male and female Japanese participants (n = 816). The results showed that the main effect of presenting the harm of BS against women was significant only among female participants. However, neither the main effect of presenting the pervasiveness of BS nor the interaction between presenting harm and pervasiveness were found. We suggested strategies to reduce BS, especially when endorsed by men. Our experimental manipulation can be conducted in a short time and on many participants simultaneously. More empirical studies aimed at reducing BS should be conducted in the future.

Yamamoto, H., (山本仁志)& Goto, A.(後藤晶) (2024). 
Behavioural strategies in simultaneous and alternating prisoner's dilemma games with/without voluntary participation. 
任意参加の有無による同時および交互の囚人のジレンマゲームにおける行動戦略
Scientific Reports, 14(1), 21890.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-73353-4

The Prisoner’s Dilemma is one of the most classic formats for exploring the principle of direct reciprocity. Although numerous theoretical and experimental studies have been conducted, little attention has been paid to the divergence between theoretical predictions and actual human behaviour. In addition, there are two additional essential challenges of experimental research. First, most experimental approaches have focused on games in which two players decide their actions simultaneously, but little is known about alternating games. Another is that there are few experiments on voluntary participation. Here, we conducted experiments on simultaneous games, alternating games, and games with and without voluntary participation for a total of four game patterns and examined the deviation from theoretical predictions for each. The results showed that, contrary to theoretical predictions, humans chose cooperation even after being exploited. We also observed that, with or without voluntary participation, people tended to take the same action they had taken in the previous round. Our results indicate that to understand the mechanisms of human behaviour, we need to integrate findings from behavioural science, psychology, and game theory.

Homma, S.（本間祥吾）, & Takezawa, M.（竹澤正哲）(2024). 
Risk preference as an outcome of evolutionarily adaptive learning mechanisms: An evolutionary simulation under diverse risky environments.
進化適応的な学習メカニズムの産物としてのリスク選好：多様なリスク環境下での進化シミュレーション
PloS one, 19(8), e0307991.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0307991

The optimization of cognitive and learning mechanisms can reveal complicated behavioral phenomena. In this study, we focused on reinforcement learning, which uses different learning rules for positive and negative reward prediction errors. We attempted to relate the evolved learning bias to the complex features of risk preference such as domain-specific behavior manifests and the relatively stable domain-general factor underlying behaviors. The simulations of the evolution of the two learning rates under diverse risky environments showed that the positive learning rate evolved on average to be higher than the negative one, when agents experienced both tasks where risk aversion was more rewarding and risk seeking was more rewarding. This evolution enabled agents to flexibly choose more reward behaviors depending on the task type. The evolved agents also demonstrated behavioral patterns described by the prospect theory. Our simulations captured two aspects of the evolution of risk preference: the domain-specific aspect, behavior acquired through learning in a specific context; and the implicit domain-general aspect, corresponding to the learning rates shaped through evolution to adaptively behave in a wide range of environments. These results imply that our framework of learning under the innate constraint may be useful in understanding the complicated behavioral phenomena.